42 research outputs found
Comparative local analysis of metabolites, lipids and proteins in intact fish tissues by LAESI mass spectrometry
Direct mass spectrometric analysis of animal tissues is an emerging field enabled by recent developments in ambient ion sources. Label-free in situ analysis of metabolites, lipids, and peptides/proteins from intact tissues in whole fish specimens of different gender and age were performed by laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) mass spectrometry (MS). Hypertrophied glandular tissue (gill gland) of adult male Aphyocharax anisitsi (bloodfin tetra) was compared with gill tissues in females of the same species. Comparison of a large number of sample-specific ions was aided by a multivariate statistical method based on orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis. More than 200 different ions were detected in the mass spectra corresponding to primary metabolites, hormones, lipids and peptides/proteins. The gill tissues of the sexually mature males exhibited multiply charged ions in the 6+ to 10+ charge states corresponding to a protein with a molecular weight of 11 380 Da. This protein was present only in the mature male gill glands but absent in the corresponding area of the female and immature male specimens. An additional nine proteins were detected by LAESI-MS in both the male and female gill tissues
Recommended from our members
The Abca7V1613M variant reduces AÎČ generation, plaque load, and neuronal damage
BackgroundVariants in ABCA7, a member of the ABC transporter superfamily, have been associated with increased risk for developing late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).MethodsCRISPR-Cas9 was used to generate an Abca7V1613M variant in mice, modeling the homologous human ABCA7V1599M variant, and extensive characterization was performed.ResultsAbca7V1613M microglia show differential gene expression profiles upon lipopolysaccharide challenge and increased phagocytic capacity. Homozygous Abca7V1613M mice display elevated circulating cholesterol and altered brain lipid composition. When crossed with 5xFAD mice, homozygous Abca7V1613M mice display fewer Thioflavin S-positive plaques, decreased amyloid beta (AÎČ) peptides, and altered amyloid precursor protein processing and trafficking. They also exhibit reduced AÎČ-associated inflammation, gliosis, and neuronal damage.DiscussionOverall, homozygosity for the Abca7V1613M variant influences phagocytosis, response to inflammation, lipid metabolism, AÎČ pathology, and neuronal damage in mice. This variant may confer a gain of function and offer a protective effect against Alzheimer's disease-related pathology.HighlightsABCA7 recognized as a top 10 risk gene for developing Alzheimer's disease. Loss of function mutations result in increased risk for LOAD. V1613M variant reduces amyloid beta plaque burden in 5xFAD mice. V1613M variant modulates APP processing and trafficking in 5xFAD mice. V1613M variant reduces amyloid beta-associated damage in 5xFAD mice
Molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Stevardiinae Gill, 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae): classification and the evolution of reproductive traits
Abstract
Background
The subfamily Stevardiinae is a diverse and widely distributed clade of freshwater fishes from South and Central America, commonly known as âtetrasâ (Characidae). The group was named âclade Aâ when first proposed as a monophyletic unit of Characidae and later designated as a subfamily. Stevardiinae includes 48 genera and around 310 valid species with many species presenting inseminating reproductive strategy. No global hypothesis of relationships is available for this group and currently many genera are listed as incertae sedis or are suspected to be non-monophyletic.
Results
We present a molecular phylogeny with the largest number of stevardiine species analyzed so far, including 355 samples representing 153 putative species distributed in 32 genera, to test the groupâs monophyly and internal relationships. The phylogeny was inferred using DNA sequence data from seven gene fragments (mtDNA: 12S, 16S and COI; nuclear: RAG1, RAG2, MYH6 and PTR). The results support the Stevardiinae as a monophyletic group and a detailed hypothesis of the internal relationships for this subfamily.
Conclusions
A revised classification based on the molecular phylogeny is proposed that includes seven tribes and also defines monophyletic genera, including a resurrected genus Eretmobrycon, and new definitions for Diapoma, Hemibrycon, Bryconamericus sensu stricto, and Knodus sensu stricto, placing some small genera as junior synonyms. Inseminating species are distributed in several clades suggesting that reproductive strategy is evolutionarily labile in this group of fishes.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134621/1/12862_2015_Article_403.pd
A review of the Cis-Andean species of Hemibrycon GĂŒnther (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), with description of two new species
As espĂ©cies de Hemibrycon que ocorrem a leste das Cordilheiras dos Andes sĂŁo revisadas com base na anĂĄlise do material tipo e exemplares adicionais. Nove espĂ©cies sĂŁo redescritas: H. beni da bacia do rĂo Beni, BolĂvia; H. helleri do alto rĂo Ucayali, Peru; H. huambonicus para as bacias dos rĂos Huallaga e Marañon, Peru; H. jeslkii para as porçÔes superiores das bacias dos rios Marañon, Ucayali e Madeira, BolĂvia, Brasil e Peru; H. metae para a bacia do rĂo Orinoco, ColĂŽmbia e Venezuela, e bacias costeiras do Caribe na Venezuela; H. polyodon (espĂ©cie-tipo) para a bacia do rĂo Pastaza, Equador; H. surinamensis para as bacia costeiras da Guiana Francesa e Suriname, e porção inferior das bacias dos rios TapajĂłs, Tocantins e Xingu, Brasil; H. taeniurus para os rios da ilha de Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago; H. tridens para a bacia do alto rĂo Ucayali, Peru. Duas espĂ©cies novas sĂŁo descritas: H. inambari para a bacia do alto rĂo Madre de Dios, Peru e H. mikrostiktos para a bacia do rĂo Ucayali, Peru. Estas espĂ©cies distinguem-se principalmente pelo padrĂŁo de colorido e caracteres merĂsticos. A ĂĄrea de distribuição do gĂȘnero Ă© ampliada para as porçÔes inferiores das bacias do TapajĂłs, Tocantins e Xingu, Brasil, com o primeiro registro de H. surinamensis para este paĂs. Uma nova diagnose e descrição sĂŁo fornecidas para a espĂ©cie-tipo do gĂȘnero, apesar de ter sido recentemente redescrita. A sĂ©rie-tipo de H. helleri previamente considerada questionĂĄvel Ă© encontrada e descrita. Hemibrycon coxeyi e H. pautensis sĂŁo considerados sinĂŽnimos juniores de H. polyodon. Tetragonopterus (Hemibrycon) trinitatis, anteriormente considerada como species inquirenda em Characidae, e Hemibrycon guppyi sĂŁo sinĂŽnimos juniores de H. taeniurus. Hemibrycon orcesi Ă© transferida para Boehlkea. Ă apresentada uma chave taxonĂŽmica para as espĂ©cies do gĂȘnero a leste das Cordilheiras dos Andes.The species of Hemibrycon occurring in the east of the Andean Cordilleras are reviewed based on their type series and additional specimens. Nine species are redescribed: H. beni from rĂo Beni basin, Bolivia; H. helleri from the upper rio Ucayali, Peru; H. huambonicus from the rĂos Huallaga and Marañon basins, Peru; H. jeslkii from the upper portions of rĂos Marañon, Ucayali and Madeira basins, Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru; H. metae from rĂo Orinoco basin, Colombia and Venezuela, and Caribbean coastal basins of Venezuela; H. polyodon (type species) from rĂo Pastaza basin, Ecuador; H. surinamensis from coastal basins of French Guiana and Suriname, and from lower rios TapajĂłs, Tocantins and Xingu basins, Brazil; H. taeniurus from river basins from Trinidad Island, Trinidad and Tobago, and H. tridens from upper rĂo Ucayali basin, Peru. Two new species are described: H. inambari from the upper rĂo Madre de Dios basin, Peru and H. mikrostiktos from rĂo Ucayali basin, Peru. These species are distinguished among themselves mainly by the color pattern, and meristic characters. The distribution area of the genus is enlarged reaching the lower TapajĂłs, Tocantins and Xingu river basins, Brazil, with the first record of the occurrence of H. surinamensis in this country. A new description and diagnosis is provided for the type species of the genus, regardless its recent redescription. The type series of H. helleri that was previously considered dubious is found and described. Hemibrycon coxeyi and H. pautensis are considered junior synonyms of H. polyodon. Tetragonopterus (Hemibrycon) trinitatis, previously considered species inquirenda in Characidae, and Hemibrycon guppyi are junior synonyms of H. taeniurus. Hemibrycon orcesi is transferred to Boehlkea. A taxonomic key for the species of the genus to the east of the Andean Cordilleras is presented