114 research outputs found
The necessity of historical inquiry in educational research: the case of Religious Education
publication-status: PublishedThis is an Author's Original Manuscript of an article whose final and definitive form, the Version of Record, has been published in the British Journal of Religious Education, July 2010. Available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/ or DOI: 10.1080/01416200.2010.498612This article explores the mixed fortunes of historical inquiry as a method in educational studies and exposes evidence for the neglect of this method in religious education research in particular. It argues that historical inquiry, as a counterpart to other research methods, can add depth and range to our understanding of education, including religious education, and can illuminate important longer‐term, broader and philosophical issues. The article also argues that many historical voices have remained silent in the existing historiography of religious education because such historiography is too generalised and too biased towards the development of national policy and curriculum and pedagogical theory. To address this limitation in educational research, this article promotes rigorous historical studies that are more substantially grounded in the appropriate historiographical literature and utilise a wide range of original primary sources. Finally, the article explores a specific example of the way in which a historical approach may be fruitfully applied to a particular contemporary debate concerning the nature and purpose of religious education
Imbalance of Power: Social Service Entrepreneurs’ Experiences of Entrepreneur-Municipality Relationship
We investigate the complex dynamics between social service entrepreneurs and social
sector managers through the lens of network metaphor, utilizing our data on social
service entrepreneurs’ experiences of cooperation with municipalities. We examine
what kinds of dependencies exist in the entrepreneur–municipality relationships and
what kind of consequences these dependencies have on social service businesses run
by entrepreneurs. Basing on the social service entrepreneurs experience, our findings
suggest that while the cooperation with the municipality represents a prerequisite
for success, their business represent only one alternative for the renewal of social
service structures from the point of view of municipalities. In addition, the existence
of legally enforced supervisory duties incorporates a considerable amount of power
that influences areas of the entrepreneur–municipality relationships and interaction
other than just those defined by the supervisory and regulatory rights.W naszej pracy badamy złożoną dynamikę między przedsiębiorcami oferującymi usługi
społeczne a menadżerami sektora społecznego za pomocą metafory sieci, używając
danych dotyczących doświadczeń, jakie mają tacy przedsiębiorcy we współpracy z
władzami lokalnymi. Badamy jakiego rodzaju zależności istnieją w relacji przedsiębiorca
– władza lokalna oraz jakie konsekwencje zależności te mają na firmy prowadzące
działalność w sektorze usług społecznych. W oparciu o doświadczenia przedsiębiorców
z tego sektora, wyniki naszych badań sugerują, że o ile współpraca z władzami
lokalnymi jest warunkiem niezbędnym powodzenia działalności, ich przedsiębiorstwa
stanowią tylko jedną alternatywę dla odnowienia usług społecznych z punktu
widzenia władz lokalnych. Ponadto, istnienie narzuconych przez prawo obowiązków
nadzorowania zawiera w sobie znaczny ładunek władzy, która wpływa na relacje
między przedsiębiorcami a władzami lokalnymi oraz interakcje inne niż te zdefiniowane
prawami nadzoru i regulacjami
Designing and implementing sample and data collection for an international genetics study: the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC)
Background and Purpose The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) is an
international project whose primary aims are to: (a) discover genes that modify
type 1 diabetes risk; and (b) expand upon the existing genetic resources for
type 1 diabetes research. The initial goal was to collect 2500 affected sibling
pair (ASP) families worldwide
Genome-wide association study of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asia and comparison with a European population
Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer. Known risk variants explain only a small fraction of lung adenocarcinoma heritability. Here, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of lung adenocarcinoma of East Asian ancestry (21,658 cases and 150,676 controls; 54.5% never-smokers) and identified 12 novel susceptibility variants, bringing the total number to 28 at 25 independent loci. Transcriptome-wide association analyses together with colocalization studies using a Taiwanese lung expression quantitative trait loci dataset (n = 115) identified novel candidate genes, including FADS1 at 11q12 and ELF5 at 11p13. In a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of East Asian and European studies, four loci were identified at 2p11, 4q32, 16q23, and 18q12. At the same time, most of our findings in East Asian populations showed no evidence of association in European populations. In our studies drawn from East Asian populations, a polygenic risk score based on the 25 loci had a stronger association in never-smokers vs. individuals with a history of smoking (Pinteraction = 0.0058). These findings provide new insights into the etiology of lung adenocarcinoma in individuals from East Asian populations, which could be important in developing translational applications
Female chromosome X mosaicism is age-related and preferentially affects the inactivated X chromosome
To investigate large structural clonal mosaicism of chromosome X, we analysed the SNP
microarray intensity data of 38,303 women from cancer genome-wide association studies
(20,878 cases and 17,425 controls) and detected 124 mosaic X events42Mb in 97 (0.25%)
women. Here we show rates for X-chromosome mosaicism are four times higher than mean
autosomal rates; X mosaic events more often include the entire chromosome and participants
with X events more likely harbour autosomal mosaic events. X mosaicism frequency
increases with age (0.11% in 50-year olds; 0.45% in 75-year olds), as reported for Y and
autosomes. Methylation array analyses of 33 women with X mosaicism indicate events
preferentially involve the inactive X chromosome. Our results provide further evidence that
the sex chromosomes undergo mosaic events more frequently than autosomes, which could
have implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms of mosaic events and their
possible contribution to risk for chronic diseases
Detectable clonal mosaicism and its relationship to aging and cancer
In an analysis of 31,717 cancer cases and 26,136 cancer-free controls from 13 genome-wide association studies, we observed large chromosomal abnormalities in a subset of clones in DNA obtained from blood or buccal samples. We observed mosaic abnormalities, either aneuploidy or copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity, of >2 Mb in size in autosomes of 517 individuals (0.89%), with abnormal cell proportions of between 7% and 95%. In cancer-free individuals, frequency increased with age, from 0.23% under 50 years to 1.91% between 75 and 79 years (P = 4.8 × 10(-8)). Mosaic abnormalities were more frequent in individuals with solid tumors (0.97% versus 0.74% in cancer-free individuals; odds ratio (OR) = 1.25; P = 0.016), with stronger association with cases who had DNA collected before diagnosis or treatment (OR = 1.45; P = 0.0005). Detectable mosaicism was also more common in individuals for whom DNA was collected at least 1 year before diagnosis with leukemia compared to cancer-free individuals (OR = 35.4; P = 3.8 × 10(-11)). These findings underscore the time-dependent nature of somatic events in the etiology of cancer and potentially other late-onset diseases
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