Is copyright blind to the visual?

This article argues that, with respect to the copyright protection of works of visual art, the general uneasiness that has always pervaded the relationship between copyright law and concepts of creativity produces three anomalous results. One of these is that copyright lacks much in the way of a central concept of 'visual art' and, to the extent that it embraces any concept of the 'visual', it is rooted in the rhetorical discourse of the Renaissance. This means that copyright is poorly equipped to deal with modern developments in the visual arts. Secondly, the pervasive effect of rhetorical discourse appears to have made it particularly difficult for copyright law to strike a meaningful balance between protecting creativity and permitting its use in further creative works. Thirdly, just when rhetorical discourse might have been useful in identifying the significance and materiality of the unique one-off work of visual art, copyright law chooses to ignore its implications

The Hamiltonian limit of (3+1)D SU(3) lattice gauge theory on anisotropic lattices

The extreme anisotropic limit of Euclidean SU(3) lattice gauge theory is examined to extract the Hamiltonian limit, using standard path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) methods. We examine the mean plaquette and string tension and compare them to results obtained within the Hamiltonian framework of Kogut and Susskind. The results are a significant improvement upon previous Hamiltonian estimates, despite the extrapolation procedure necessary to extract observables. We conclude that the PIMC method is a reliable method of obtaining results for the Hamiltonian version of the theory. Our results also clearly demonstrate the universality between the Hamiltonian and Euclidean formulations of lattice gauge theory. It is particularly important to take into account the renormalization of both the anisotropy, and the Euclidean coupling $\beta_E$, in obtaining these results.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figure

Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) variants could not be linked with clinical malaria in some Ghanaian children

To determine whether clinical malaria was associated with the acquisition of the novel Merozoite surface Protein 1 (MSP1) Plasmodium falciparum allelic types, a longitudinal immunoepidemiological study was conducted on school children of 3-15 years, living in a stable malaria endemic area with seasonal transmission in Ghana. DNA extracted from selected blood samples previously spotted on filter papers before, during and after asymptomatic and clinical malaria episodes was typed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique based on the amplificationof the polymorphic region of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) of the Plasmodium falciparum gene. Electrophoresis revealed 35 different MSP1 allelic forms that could not be linked to a specific malaria transmission season. Clinical malaria could not be attributed to any specific allelic type, and the acquisition of new alleles was not necessarily associated with clinical malaria. Malaria episode was, however, synchronized with significant (

Integrated allelic, transcriptional, and phenomic dissection of the cardiac effects of titin truncations in health and disease

10.1126/scitranslmed.3010134Science Translational Medicine7270270ra

Floating microspheres: a review

Gastric emptying is a complex process, one that is highly variable and that makes in vivo performance of drug delivery systems uncertain. A controlled drug delivery system with prolonged residence time in the stomach can be of great practical importance for drugs with an absorption window in the upper small intestine. The main limitations are attributed to the inter- and intra-subject variability of gastro-intestinal (GI) transit time and to the non-uniformity of drug absorption throughout the alimentary canal. Floating or hydrodynamically controlled drug delivery systems are useful in such applications. Various gastroretentive dosage forms are available, including tablets, capsules, pills, laminated films, floating microspheres, granules and powders. Floating microspheres have been gaining attention due to the uniform distribution of these multiple-unit dosage forms in the stomach, which results in more reproducible drug absorption and reduced risk of local irritation. Such systems have more advantages over the single-unit dosage forms. The present review briefly addresses the physiology of the gastric emptying process with respect to floating drug delivery systems. The purpose of this review is to bring together the recent literature with respect to the method of preparation, and various parameters affecting the performance and characterization of floating microspheres.<br>O esvaziamento gástrico é um processo complexo, com elevada variabilidade e responsável pela incerteza do desempenho dos medicamentos in vivo. Dessa forma, os sistemas de liberação modificada de fármacos, com tempo de residência prolongado no estômago, em especial, considerando aqueles fármacos com janela de absorção na porção superior do intestino delgado, apresentam fundamental importância. As principais limitações relativas à absorção do fármaco são, no geral, atribuídas à variabilidade inter e intra-paciente do tempo de trânsito gastro-intestinal (GI) e da não-uniformidade da absorção do fármaco na extensão do canal alimentar. Assim, justifica-se a utilização dos sistemas flutuantes ou hidrodinâmicos de liberação de fármacos. Vários medicamentos gastrorretentivos estão disponibilizados no mercado e incluem comprimidos, cápsulas, pílulas, filmes laminados, microesferas flutuantes, grânulos e pós. As microesferas flutuantes apresentam maior destaque em função da distribuição granulométrica uniforme dessas formulações de dose múltipla. Como resultado, a absorção do fármaco apresenta maior reprodutibilidade e os riscos associados à irritação local são reduzidos. Tais sistemas apresentam maior vantagem quando comparado às formulações de dose única. A presente revisão tem como objetivo apresentar as publicações recentes referentes aos métodos de preparação, os vários parâmetros que afetam o desempenho e a caracterização das microesferas flutuantes. Além disso, o presente trabalho aborda a fisiologia do processo de esvaziamento gástrico no que se refere aos sistemas flutuantes de liberação de fármacos