Comparison of Deep-Water Viromes from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea

The aim of this study was to compare the composition of two deep-sea viral communities obtained from the RomancheFracture Zone in the Atlantic Ocean (collected at 5200 m depth) and the southwest Mediterranean Sea (from 2400 m depth)using a pyro-sequencing approach. The results are based on 18.7% and 6.9% of the sequences obtained from the AtlanticOcean and the Mediterranean Sea, respectively, with hits to genomes in the non-redundant viral RefSeq database. Theidentifiable richness and relative abundance in both viromes were dominated by archaeal and bacterial viruses accountingfor 92.3% of the relative abundance in the Atlantic Ocean and for 83.6% in the Mediterranean Sea. Despite characteristicdifferences in hydrographic features between the sampling sites in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, 440 virusgenomes were found in both viromes. An additional 431 virus genomes were identified in the Atlantic Ocean and 75 virusgenomes were only found in the Mediterranean Sea. The results indicate that the rather contrasting deep-sea environmentsof the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea share a common core set of virus types constituting the majority of bothvirus communities in terms of relative abundance (Atlantic Ocean: 81.4%; Mediterranean Sea: 88.7%)

J/psi production as a function of charged-particle pseudorapidity density in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

We report measurements of the inclusive J/ψ yield and average transverse momentum as a function of charged-particle pseudorapidity density dNch/dη in p–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The observables are normalised to their corresponding averages in non-single diffractive events. An increase of the normalised J/ψ yield with normalised dNch/dη, measured at mid-rapidity, is observed at mid-rapidity and backward rapidity. At forward rapidity, a saturation of the relative yield is observed for high charged-particle multiplicities. The normalised average transverse momentum at forward and backward rapidities increases with multiplicity at low multiplicities and saturates beyond moderate multiplicities. In addition, the forward-to-backward nuclear modification factor ratio is also reported, showing an increasing suppression of J/ψ production at forward rapidity with respect to backward rapidity for increasing charged-particle multiplicity

Effect of endurance running on cardiac and skeletal muscle in rats

We studied the effect of resistance running on left cardiac ventricle size and rectus femoris muscle fiber composition. Ten male Wistar rats were trained on a treadmill 6 days per week for 12 weeks. Ten rats remained sedentary and served as controls. A higher endurance time (40%) and cardiac hypertrophy in the trained animals were indicators of training efficiency. Morphometric analysis of the left ventricle crosssectional area, left ventricular wall, and left ventricular cavity were evaluated. The endurance-running group demonstrated a hypertrophy of the ventricular wall (22%) and an increase in the ventricular cavity (25%); (pc0.0001). Semi-quantitative analysis of rectus femoris fiber-type composition and of the oxidative and glycolytic capacity was histochemically performed. Endurance running demonstrated a significant (pc0.01) increase in the relative frequency of 5 p e 1 (24%), Qpe IIA (8%) and 5 p e IIX (16%) oxidative fibers, and a decrease in Qpe IIB (20%) glycolytic fibers. There was a hypertrophy of both oxidative and glycolytic fiber types. The relative cross-sectional area analysis demonstrated an increase in oxidative fibers and a decrease in glycolytic fibers (p<0.0001). Changes were especially evident for 'Qpe IIX oxidative-glycolytic fibers. The results of this study indicate that the left ventricle adapts to endurance running by increasing wall thickness and enlargement of the ventricular cavity. Skeletal muscle adapts to training by increasing oxidative fiber 'Qpe. This increase may be related to fiber transformation from Qpe IIB glycolytic to Qpe IIX oxidative fibers. These results open the possibility for the use of this type of exercise to prevent muscular atrophy associated with age or post-immobilization

Linkage between copepods and bacteria in the North Atlantic Ocean

Copepods and bacteria are fundamental components of the pelagic food web andplay a major role in biogeochemical cycles. Marine bacteria have a free-living or particleattachedlifestyle, but as members of the microbial food web, the only biotic interaction of bacteriais commonly assumed to be with their predators (protists and/or viruses). However, acopepod’s body is highly enriched in organic matter and harbors a large and complex bacterialcommunity. The aim of this study was to compare the composition of the free-living bacterialcommunity of the open Atlantic to that associated with copepods. We used 454 highthroughputsequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to decipher the bacterial community compositionassociated with this zooplankton group and the ambient water. Significant differences werefound between the bacterial communities associated with the dominant copepod families(Calanoida: Centropagidae and Clausocalanidae; Cyclopoida: Corycaeidae, Oncaeidae, andLubbockiidae) and the ambient water. Bacilli and Actinobacteria dominated the copepodassociatedcommunity and Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Synechococcus dominatedthe free-living community. However, the presence of shared bacterial operational taxonomicunits (OTUs) between these 2 distinct habitats suggests a dynamic exchange of bacteriabetween seawater and copepods. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that theinterior and exterior surfaces of copepods provide a specific niche with a strong selective pressurefor bacteria