615 research outputs found
Optical thickness as related to pollutant episodes and the concentration of visibility degrading pollutants
A network of six sun photometers was placed in the central and northeast United States during the months of July through October, 1931. The objective of the program was to obtain measurements of atmospheric turbidity which can be related to the concentration of visibility-degrading pollutants in the atmosphere. These measurements serve as ground truth for a program to develop remote sensing techniques for measuring the vertically integrated aerosol concentrations in pollution episodes. The sun photometers measure the direct solar radiation in four passbands: 380 nm, 500 nm, 875 nm and 940 nm. The first three passbands will be used for measuring the aerosol optical depth and the last for measuring precipitable water
Usefulness of routine preoperative testing in a developing country: a prospective study
Introduction: The assessment of anesthetic risks is an essential component of preoperative evaluation. In developing world, preanesthesia evaluation may be challenging because patient's medical history and records are scare, and language barrier limits physical examination. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of routine preoperative testing in a low-resources setting. Methods: Prospective observational study performed in a French forward surgical unit in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. 201 patients who were scheduled for non urgent surgery were screened with routine laboratory exams during preoperative evaluation. Changes in surgery were assessed (delayed or scheduled). Results: Abnormal hemoglobin findings were reported in 35% of patients, abnormal WBC count in 11,1% of patients, abnormal platelets in 15,3% of patients. Positive HIV results were found in 8,3% of cases. Routine tests represented 43,6% of changes causes. Conclusion: Our study showed that in a developing country, routine preoperative tests showed abnormal results up to 35% of cases, and represented 43,6% of delayed surgery causes. The rate of tests leading to management changes varied widely, from 0% to 8,3%. These results suggested that selected tests would be useful to diagnose diseases that required treatment before non urgent surgery. However, larger studies are needeed to evaluate the cost/benefit ratio and the clinical impact of such a strategy
SST-GATE: A dual mirror telescope for the Cherenkov Telescope Array
The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be the world's first open
observatory for very high energy gamma-rays. Around a hundred telescopes of
different sizes will be used to detect the Cherenkov light that results from
gamma-ray induced air showers in the atmosphere. Amongst them, a large number
of Small Size Telescopes (SST), with a diameter of about 4 m, will assure an
unprecedented coverage of the high energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum
(above ~1TeV to beyond 100 TeV) and will open up a new window on the
non-thermal sky. Several concepts for the SST design are currently being
investigated with the aim of combining a large field of view (~9 degrees) with
a good resolution of the shower images, as well as minimizing costs. These
include a Davies-Cotton configuration with a Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode
(GAPD) based camera, as pioneered by FACT, and a novel and as yet untested
design based on the Schwarzschild-Couder configuration, which uses a secondary
mirror to reduce the plate-scale and to allow for a wide field of view with a
light-weight camera, e.g. using GAPDs or multi-anode photomultipliers. One
objective of the GATE (Gamma-ray Telescope Elements) programme is to build one
of the first Schwarzschild-Couder prototypes and to evaluate its performance.
The construction of the SST-GATE prototype on the campus of the Paris
Observatory in Meudon is under way. We report on the current status of the
project and provide details of the opto-mechanical design of the prototype, the
development of its control software, and simulations of its expected
performance.Comment: In Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference
(ICRC2013), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). All CTA contributions at arXiv:1307.223
Modeling sea-salt aerosols in the atmosphere: 2. Atmospheric concentrations and fluxes
Atmospheric sea-salt aerosol concentrations are studied using both long-term observations and model simulations of Na+ at seven stations around the globe. Good agreement is achieved between observations and model predictions in the northern hemisphere. A stronger seasonal variation occurs in the high-latitude North Atlantic than in regions close to the equator and in high-latitude southern hemisphere. Generally, concentrations are higher for both boreal and austral winters. With the model, the production flux and removal flux at the atmosphere-ocean interface was calculated and used to estimate the global sea-salt budget. The flux also shows seasonal variation similar to that of sea-salt concentration. Depending on the geographic location, the model predicts that dry deposition accounts for 60–70% of the total sea-salt removed from the atmosphere while in-cloud and below-cloud precipitation scavenging accounts for about 1% and 28–39% of the remainder, respectively. The total amount of sea-salt aerosols emitted from the world oceans to the atmosphere is estimated to be in the vicinity of 1.17×1016 g yr−1. Approximately 99% of the sea-salt aerosol mass generated by wind falls back to the sea with about 1–2% remaining in the atmosphere to be exported from the original grid square (300×300 km). Only a small portion of that exported (∼4%) is associated with submicron particles that are likely to undergo long-range transport
Matter-wave laser Interferometric Gravitation Antenna (MIGA): New perspectives for fundamental physics and geosciences
The MIGA project aims at demonstrating precision measurements of gravity with
cold atom sensors in a large scale instrument and at studying the associated
applications in geosciences and fundamental physics. The first stage of the
project (2013-2018) will consist in building a 300-meter long optical cavity to
interrogate atom interferometers and will be based at the low noise underground
laboratory LSBB in Rustrel, France. The second stage of the project (2018-2023)
will be dedicated to science runs and data analyses in order to probe the
spatio-temporal structure of the local gravity field of the LSBB region, a site
of high hydrological interest. MIGA will also assess future potential
applications of atom interferometry to gravitational wave detection in the
frequency band Hz hardly covered by future long baseline optical
interferometers. This paper presents the main objectives of the project, the
status of the construction of the instrument and the motivation for the
applications of MIGA in geosciences. Important results on new atom
interferometry techniques developed at SYRTE in the context of MIGA and paving
the way to precision gravity measurements are also reported.Comment: Proceedings of the 50th Rencontres de Moriond "100 years after GR",
La Thuile (Italy), 21-28 March 2015 - 10 pages, 5 figures, 23 references
version2: added references, corrected typo
Rigorous investigation of the reduced density matrix for the ideal Bose gas in harmonic traps by a loop-gas-like approach
In this paper, we rigorously investigate the reduced density matrix (RDM)
associated to the ideal Bose gas in harmonic traps. We present a method based
on a sum-decomposition of the RDM allowing to treat not only the isotropic
trap, but also general anisotropic traps. When focusing on the isotropic trap,
the method is analogous to the loop-gas approach developed by W.J. Mullin in
[38]. Turning to the case of anisotropic traps, we examine the RDM for some
anisotropic trap models corresponding to some quasi-1D and quasi-2D regimes.
For such models, we bring out an additional contribution in the local density
of particles which arises from the mesoscopic loops. The close connection with
the occurrence of generalized-BEC is discussed. Our loop-gas-like approach
provides relevant information which can help guide numerical investigations on
highly anisotropic systems based on the Path Integral Monte Carlo (PIMC)
method.Comment: v3: Minor modifications of v2. v2: Major modifications: the former
version (v1) has been completely rewritten. New results concerning the
anisotropic traps and generalized Bose-Einstein condensation have been added.
The connection with the loop-gas approach is further discussed. 40 page
Synthesis of a porphyrin with histidine-like chelate: an efficient path towards molecular PDT/SPECT theranostics
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020. The goal of “personalised” medicine has seen a growing interest in the development of theranostic agents. Bifunctional, and targeted-trifunctional, theranostic water-soluble porphyrins with a histidine-like chelating group have been synthesisedviacopper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) “click” chemistry in high yield and purity. They are capable of photodynamic treatment and [99mTc(CO)3]+complexation for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, with a radiochemical yield of >95%. The toxicity and phototoxicity were evaluated on HT-29 cells, DU145, and DU145-PSMA cell lines, with the targeted theranostic showing more potent phototoxicity towards DU145-PSMA expressing cells
Aerosol direct radiative effects over the northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: estimates based on in-situ chemical and optical measurements and chemical transport modeling
International audienceThe largest uncertainty in the radiative forcing of climate change over the industrial era is that due to aerosols, a substantial fraction of which is the uncertainty associated with scattering and absorption of shortwave (solar) radiation by anthropogenic aerosols in cloud-free conditions (IPCC, 2001). Quantifying and reducing the uncertainty in aerosol influences on climate is critical to understanding climate change over the industrial period and to improving predictions of future climate change for assumed emission scenarios. Measurements of aerosol properties during major field campaigns in several regions of the globe during the past decade are contributing to an enhanced understanding of atmospheric aerosols and their effects on light scattering and climate. The present study, which focuses on three regions downwind of major urban/population centers (North Indian Ocean (NIO) during INDOEX, the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWP) during ACE-Asia, and the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (NWA) during ICARTT), incorporates understanding gained from field observations of aerosol distributions and properties into calculations of perturbations in radiative fluxes due to these aerosols. This study evaluates the current state of observations and of two chemical transport models (STEM and MOZART). Measurements of burdens, extinction optical depth (AOD), and direct radiative effect of aerosols (DRE ? change in radiative flux due to total aerosols) are used as measurement-model check points to assess uncertainties. In-situ measured and remotely sensed aerosol properties for each region (mixing state, mass scattering efficiency, single scattering albedo, and angular scattering properties and their dependences on relative humidity) are used as input parameters to two radiative transfer models (GFDL and University of Michigan) to constrain estimates of aerosol radiative effects, with uncertainties in each step propagated through the analysis. Constraining the radiative transfer calculations by observational inputs increases the clear-sky, 24-h averaged AOD (34±8%), top of atmosphere (TOA) DRE (32±12%), and TOA direct climate forcing of aerosols (DCF ? change in radiative flux due to anthropogenic aerosols) (37±7%) relative to values obtained with "a priori" parameterizations of aerosol loadings and properties (GFDL RTM). The resulting constrained TOA DCF is ?3.3±0.47, ?14±2.6, ?6.4±2.1 Wm?2 for the NIO, NWP, and NWA, respectively. Constraining the radiative transfer calculations by observational inputs reduces the uncertainty range in the DCF in these regions relative to global IPCC (2001) estimates by a factor of approximately 2. Such comparisons with observations and resultant reductions in uncertainties are essential for improving and developing confidence in climate model calculations incorporating aerosol forcing
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