Grupos sociales y biografía colectiva en la historia del virreinato del Perú: una aproximación

Este artículo plantea, desde la perspectiva de la historia de la historiografía, un análisis en torno a los estudios sobre grupos sociales en el ámbito geográfico de lo que fue el virreinato del Perú. En una primera parte se estudian cuestiones metodológicas y terminológicas, en particular con respecto al concepto de prosopografía, destacando cómo ésta ha constituido uno entre otros recursos metodológicos empleados por los historiadores para el estudio de los grupos sociales. A continuación se alude a las principales obras que han analizado los grupos sociales en el Perú virreinal, estudiando principalmente a conquistadores, encomenderos y otros miembros de las capas sociales altas. En cuanto al siglo XVIII se hace especial referencia a las investigaciones en torno a los agentes de la administración, a los comerciantes y también a los sectores populares

El Mercurio Peruano y la religión

En las décadas anteriores a la Independencia del Perú, el Mercurio Peruano fue una publicación periódica que puso de manifiesto los intereses y las peculiaridades de los «ilustrados» en Lima. Este artículo pondera la importancia de ese periódico, y en particular analiza las referencias aparecidas en sus páginas con respecto a asuntos religiosos. Así, se explican las características de la «Ilustración cristiana» en el Perú y se hace referencia a los eclesiásticos vinculados con el Mercurio Peruano, poniéndose de relieve –a partir de los escritos aparecidos en esa publicación– las ideas que tuvieron en común, al igual que las diferencias de criterio que eventualmente se pusieron de manifiesto

A world generic revision of Quediini (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylininae), part 1. Early diverging Nearctic lineages

Several phylogenetically isolated, early diverging lineages of rove beetle tribe Quediini, all endemic to the western Nearctic, have recently been revealed by phylogenomic systematics. These three lineages, currently treated as either Quedius (Raphirus) or Q. (Paraquedius) warrant recognition at the genus level in the ongoing effort to achieve reciprocal monophyly of genera in Quediini. The three lineages were each morphologically studied in detail, with the following results: Paraquedius Casey, stat. res. is re-elevated to genus rank, Quediellus Casey, stat. res. is resurrected from synonymy and redefined, and Iratiquedius gen. nov. is described for the species of the Amabilis and Prostans groups. A morphological diagnosis is provided for each genus at both the global and regional (Nearctic) level. Species level revisions, with keys, are provided for Iratiquedius, Paraquedius, and Quediellus with the following results: Iratiquedius uncifer sp. nov. and Paraquedius marginicollis sp. nov. are described, Quediellus nanulus Casey is treated as syn. nov. of Quediellus debilis (Horn), and I. amabilis (Smetana), I. mutator (Smetana), and P. puncticeps (Horn) are substantially redefined. Where possible, CO1 barcode sequence data are integrated with the morphological species concepts used herein and their clusters were found to be congruent

Dispersal of thermophilic beetles across the intercontinental Arctic forest belt during the early Eocene

Abstract Massive biotic change occurred during the Eocene as the climate shifted from warm and equable to seasonal and latitudinally stratified. Mild winter temperatures across Arctic intercontinental land bridges permitted dispersal of frost-intolerant groups until the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, while trans-Arctic dispersal in thermophilic groups may have been limited to the early Eocene, especially during short-lived hyperthermals. Some of these lineages are now disjunct between continents of the northern hemisphere. Although Eocene climate change may have been one of the most important drivers of these ancient patterns in modern animal and plant distributions, its particular events are rarely implicated or correlated with group-specific climatic requirements. Here we explored the climatic and geological drivers of a particularly striking Neotropical-Oriental disjunct distribution in the rove beetle Bolitogyrus, a suspected Eocene relict. We integrated evidence from Eocene fossils, distributional and climate data, paleoclimate, paleogeography, and phylogenetic divergence dating to show that intercontinental dispersal of Bolitogyrus ceased in the early Eocene, consistent with the termination of conditions required by thermophilic lineages. These results provide new insight into the poorly known and short-lived Arctic forest community of the Early Eocene and its surviving lineages

Continuous measurements of greenhouse gases and atmospheric oxygen at the Namib Desert atmospheric observatory

A new coastal background site has been established for observations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the central Namib Desert at Gobabeb, Namibia. The location of the site was chosen to provide observations for a data-poor region in the global sampling network for GHGs. Semi-automated continuous measurements of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, atmospheric oxygen, and basic meteorology are made at a height of 21 m a.g.l., 50 km from the coast at the northern border of the Namib Sand Sea. Atmospheric oxygen is measured with a differential fuel cell analyzer (DFCA). Carbon dioxide and methane are measured with an early-model cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS); nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide are measured with an off-axis integrated cavity output spectrometer (OA-ICOS). Instrument-specific water corrections are employed for both the CRDS and OA-ICOS instruments in lieu of drying. The performance and measurement uncertainties are discussed in detail. As the station is located in a remote desert environment, there are some particular challenges, namely fine dust, high diurnal temperature variability, and minimal infrastructure. The gas handling system and calibration scheme were tailored to best fit the conditions of the site. The CRDS and DFCA provide data of acceptable quality when base requirements for operation are met, specifically adequate temperature control in the laboratory and regular supply of electricity. In the case of the OA-ICOS instrument, performance is significantly improved through the implementation of a drift correction through frequent measurements of a reference cylinder

Comparison of SST diurnal variation models over the Tropical Warm Pool region

Four sea surface temperature (SST) diurnal variation (DV) models have been compared against Multi-functional Transport Satellite - 1R (MTSAT-1R) SST measurements over the Tropical Warm Pool region (TWP, 90°E-170°E, 25°S-15°N) for four months from January to April 2010. The four models include one empirical model formulated by Chelle Gentemann (hereafter CG03), one physical model proposed by Zeng and Beljaars in 2005 (ZB05) and its updated version (ZB+T), and one air-sea coupled model (the Met Office Unified Model Global Coupled configuration 2, GC2) with ZB05 warm layer scheme added on top of the standard configuration. The sensitivity of the v3 MTSAT-1R data to the “true” changes in SST is first investigated using drifting buoys and is estimated to be 0.60 ± 0.05. This being significantly different from 1, the models are validated against MTSAT-1R data and the same data scaled by the inverse of the sensitivity (representing an estimate of the true variability). Results indicate that all models are able to capture the general DV patterns but with differing accuracies and features. Specifically, CG03 and ZB+T underestimate strong (> 2 K) DV events’ amplitudes especially if we assume that sensitivity-scaled MTSAT-1R variability is most realistic. ZB05 can effectively capture the DV cycles under most DV and wind conditions, as well as the DV spatial distribution. GC2 tends to overestimate small-moderate (< 2 K) DV events but can reasonably predict large DV events. 1-3 hr lags in warming start and peak times are found in GC2

Hyporheic invertebrates as bioindicators of ecological health in temporary rivers: a meta-analysis

Worldwide, many rivers cease flow and dry either naturally or owing to human activities such as water extraction. However, even when surface water is absent, diverse assemblages of aquatic invertebrates inhabit the saturated sediments below the river bed (hyporheic zone). In the absence of surface water or flow, biota of this zone may be sampled as an alternative to surface water-based ecological assessments. The potential of hyporheic invertebrates as ecological indicators of river health, however, is largely unexplored. We analysed hyporheic taxa lists from the international literature on temporary rivers to assess compositional similarity among broad-scale regions and sampling conditions, including the presence or absence of surface waters and flow, and the regional effect of hydrological phase (dry channel, non-flowing waters, surface flow) on richness. We hypothesised that if consistent patterns were found, then effects of human disturbances in temporary rivers may be assessable using hyporheic bioindicators. Assemblages differed geographically and by climate, but hydrological phase did not have a strong effect at the global scale. However, hyporheic assemblage composition within regions varied along a gradient of higher richness during wetter phases