Estudis de climatologia al País Valencià en el segle XIX

Las trarisformaciones económicas y sociales del País Valenciano a lo largo del s. xlx ofrecen un marco idóneo para interpretar el progreso cientifico-técnico de la climatologia. En base a los datos suministrados por una escasa red de observatorios, instituciones agrarias, médicas y naturalistas abordan el estudio climático con perspectiva interdisciplinar y con marcado criterio práctico. La notable diferencia de precipitación registrada el dia 4 de noviembre de 1864 (Riada del Júcar, denominada de San Carlos) en la ciudad de Valencia y en Carcaixent marca época en la climatología valenciana. A partir de ese momento, todos los autores se sienten obligados a dar una explicación de los mecanismos climáticos que habían intervenido en ese suceso. Entre las diferentes aportaciones destaca la clarividencia de las hipótesis de lranzo cuya metodología y bibliografía traduce un buen conocimiento de la climatología coetánea europea. A fines del s. XIX los climatólogos valencianos han aportado además una explicación acerca de las causas de la semiaridez de nuestro clima mediterráneo y han iniciado una regionalización climática en función de la altura

Gestión del conocimiento de Diseño en la industria del mueble

Ponencia presentada en el VIII Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería de Proyectos celebrada en Bilbao en el año 2004The goal of the project was to improve the design process of the products in the furniture industry. It consisted of investigating the definition of a knowledge-based model in order to assist in the design of the industrial products. Firstly, a design process analysis and redesign was made through the process modeling. From the current design process model of the studied company a new design process model was achieved. In the new process, changes and consequences of introducing a new design tool, such as Catia V5, were reflected. Improvements referring to times, workflows, reduction of mistakes and better efficiency in the product design were achieved. Then, an Informal Model was built up and developed with the product knowledge of the company. This model was the necessary way between the information that defines the product related with the company and the Formal Model, which is required for its application in computer programs for products design. Finally, through using the program Catia V5, the prototype of a model was built up. That model allowed the achievement of variations in current designs automatically, taking into account the features and limitations of itself. Those automatic designs were gotten by the user, modifying the defined variables by introducing the searched parameters. In that way, a reduction of the time needed for current design and less mistakes of any type were achieved. As a whole, the project achieved a reduction of times and mistakes, increased flexibility referred to changes in the product design and integration between the design tasks, and achieved a best product knowledge management in the company.El objetivo general de este proyecto era mejorar el proceso de diseño de los productos de la industria del mueble. Consistía en investigar en la definición de un modelo basado en el conocimiento para asistir el diseño de productos industriales. En primer lugar se realizó un análisis y rediseño del proceso de diseño actual de la empresa estudiada mediante el modelado de procesos. A partir del modelo de proceso actual se obtuvo un nuevo modelo, en el cual se analizaban y reflejaban los cambios y consecuencias en el proceso ante la implementación de una nueva herramienta de diseño, como es el Catia. Se obtuvieron mejoras en aspectos de tiempo, flujo de actividades, reducción de fallos y una mayor eficiencia en el diseño. Otro de los puntos del proyecto fue la construcción de un Modelo Informal, desarrollado con el conocimiento de producto de la empresa, el cual constituye el paso necesario entre la información que define el producto en relación con la empresa y la obtención del Modelo Formal, requerido para su aplicación en herramientas informáticas para el diseño de productos. Y por último, mediante la utilización de la aplicación Catia V5 se desarrolló un prototipo de un modelo que permite la obtención de variaciones en diseños desarrollados rutinariamente de manera automática, teniendo en cuenta las características y limitaciones del mismo. Esto se produce, cuando el usuario introduce los parámetros deseados, modificando así las variables definidas, produciendo de esta forma una reducción de tiempos y minimización en cualquier tipo de error. Con todo ello se consigue una minimización de tiempos y errores, aumentar la flexibilidad en cuanto a la introducción de cambios en el diseño, aumentar la integración entre las actividades de producción y las actividades de diseño y una mejor gestión del conocimiento del producto por parte de la organización

Effect of fluorine and nitrogen content on the properties of Ca-Mg-Si-Al-O-(N)-(F) glasses

X-ray amorphous glasses of composition (in equivalent percent) 15Ca:15Mg: 55Si:15Al:(100-x-y)O:xN:yF with x=0, 10, 15 and y=0, 1, 3, 5, were prepared by melting and casting. The effects of oxygen substitution by fluorine and/or nitrogen on the physical, mechanical, thermal and optical properties of the glasses have been investigated. Molar volume, fractional glass compactness, microhardness, Young's Modulus, glass-transition temperature, dilatometric-softening point and refractive index increased linearly with nitrogen substitution for oxygen, whereas molar volume and thermal expansion coefficient decreased linearly with nitrogen increase. In contrast, all properties except glass-transition temperature and dilatometric-softening point, are virtually unaffected by fluorine substitution for oxygen. Significant and linear, decreases in thermal properties occurred with increasing fluorine substitution level. All the data collected and its analysis clearly showed that the substitution effects of fluorine for oxygen on the studied properties of the glasses of the system with general formula Ca-Mg-Si-Al-O-(N)-(F) are totally independent and additive with respect to the substitution effects of nitrogen for oxygen on glass properties

Properties of Ca–(Y)–Si–Al–O–N–F Glasses: Independent and Additive Effects of Fluorine and Nitrogen

Thirty glasses of composition (in equivalent percent) 20-xCa:xY:50Si:30Al:(100-y-z)O:yN:zF, with x = 0, 10; y = 0, 10, 20, and z = 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 were prepared by melting and casting. All glasses were X-ray amorphous. Glass molar volumes (MV) decreased with nitrogen substitution for oxygen for all fluorine contents and, correspondingly, glass fractional compactness increased. Fluorine substitution of oxygen had virtually no effect on molar volume or fractional glass compactness for the three nitrogen contents tested. Young's modulus and microhardness were virtually unaffected by fluorine substitution for oxygen while nitrogen substitution for oxygen caused increases in these two properties. Glass-transition temperature and dilatometric-softening point values all decreased with increasing fluorine substitution levels, while increasing nitrogen substitution caused values for these thermal properties to increase. Correspondingly, the thermal expansion coefficient increased with fluorine and decreased with nitrogen substitution levels. Using property value differences between glasses containing fluorine and the corresponding glass containing 0 eq.% F enabled 24 data points to be used to determine the effect of fluorine on Tg,dil and TDS. The trends were linear with a gradient for both properties of the order of −22°C (eq.% F)−1. For the nitrogen effect, 20 data points were analyzed for trend effects. As expected from earlier work, all trends had good linearity. Gradients were for Tg,dil and TDS +2.5°C (eq.% N)−1, which are fairly similar to previous results in oxynitride systems. All of the data collected and its analysis clearly shows that the substitution effects of fluorine for oxygen and nitrogen for oxygen are independent and additive with the fluorine substitution. The property trends of the glasses are discussed in terms of their implications for glass structure.The authors wish to acknowledge Science Foundation Ireland and Valencian Small and Medium Enterprise Institute for financial support of this research and to thank colleagues in Materials Ireland and the Materials and Surface Science Institute for their help and advice

Human Milk Antioxidative Modifications in Mastitis: Further Beneficial Effects of Cranberry Supplementation

Mastitis is the inflammation of one or several mammal lobes which can be accompanied by a mammary gland infection, and is the leading cause of undesired early weaning in humans. However, little information exists regarding the changes that this disease may induce in the biochemical composition of human milk, especially in terms of oxidative status. Given that newborns are subject to a significant increase in total ROS burden in their transition to neonatal life and that their antioxidant defense system is not completely developed, the aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant defense (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), total polyphenol content (TPP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) in milk samples from mothers suffering from mastitis and controls. We also measured the oxidative damage to lipids (malondyaldehyde (MDA)) and proteins (carbonyl group content (CGC)) in these samples. Finally, we tested whether dietary supplementation with cranberries (a product rich in antioxidants) in these breastfeeding mothers during 21 days could improve the oxidative status of milk. GPx activity, TPP, and TAC were increased in milk samples from mastitis-affected women, providing a protective mechanism to the newborn drinking mastitis milk. MDA concentrations were diminished in the mastitis group, confirming this proposal. Some oxidative damage might occur in the mammary gland since the CGC was increased in mastitis milk. Cranberries supplementation seems to strengthen the antioxidant system, further improving the antioxidative state of milk

Factors Controlling Properties of Ca-Mg, Ca-Er, Ca-Nd, or Ca-Y-Modified Aluminosilicate Glasses Containing Nitrogen and Fluorine

Glasses with composition (in eq.%) (30 − x)Ca:xM:55Si:15Al:80O:15N:5F have been prepared with different levels of substitution of Ca2+ cations by Mg2+, Y3+, Er3+, or Nd3+. The properties of these glasses are examined in detail and changes observed in molar volume (MV), free volume, fractional glass compactness, Young's modulus, microhardness, glass transition temperature, and thermal expansion as a function of M content are presented. Using linear regression analysis, evidence is presented which clearly shows that these glass properties are either solely dependent on the effective cation field strength, if modifier cation valency is the same (e.g., Mg substitution for Ca), or dependent on the effective cation field strength and the number of (Si, Al) (O, N, F) tetrahedra associated with each modifier when Ca is replaced by the trivalent modifiers. Combining these correlations with those observed previously relating glass properties to N and F substitution for O, it becomes apparent that glass properties for Ca–M–Si–Al–O–N–F glasses can be described by correlations which involve independent, but additive contributions by N and F substitution levels, effective cation field strength, and the number of tetrahedra associated with each modifier ion

La interpretación geomorfológica en la cartografía de peligro de inundación

La interpretación geomorfológica de los procesos fluviales resulta fundamental para la elaboración de cartografía de peligro de inundación. Los ríos se comportan de una manera dinámica y pueden variar su topografía de una crecida a otra. Por ello, una cartografía de peligrosidad, excesivamente dependiente de modelos hidráulicos e hidrológicos, puede resultar ineficaz y quedarse obsoleta tras un suceso de alta energía. Conocer los elementos de geomorfología fluvial, así como sus procesos asociados permite una previsión a más largo plazo y una aproximación más realista al riesgo. En este trabajo se presentan ejemplos de interpretación geomorfológica de formas y procesos fluviales, en clave de peligro de inundación. Se han seleccionado tres cuencas de diferentes entornos morfoclimáticos que, a distintas escalas, permiten ilustrar algunos puntos donde la geomorfología propicia un determinado proceso y, en consecuencia, condiciona el tipo de peligro de la zona. La interpretación geomorfológica se ha llevado a cabo mediante trabajo de campo, de laboratorio y a partir de imágenes de satélite (RADARSAT e Ikonos)

Diversity and relationships in key traits for functional and apparent quality in a collection of eggplant: fruit phenolics content, antioxidant activity, polyphenol oxidase activity, and browning

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work seehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf402429kEggplant (Solanum melongena) varieties with increased levels of phenolics in the fruit present enhanced functional quality, but may display greater fruit flesh browning. We evaluated 18 eggplant accessions for fruit total phenolics content, chlorogenic acid content, DPPH scavenging activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, liquid extract browning, and fruit flesh browning. For all the traits we found a high diversity, with differences among accessions of up to 3.36-fold for fruit flesh browning. Variation in total content in phenolics and in chlorogenic acid content accounted only for 18.9% and 6.0% in the variation in fruit flesh browning, and PPO activity was not significantly correlated with fruit flesh browning. Liquid extract browning was highly correlated with chlorogenic acid content (r = 0.852). Principal components analysis (PCA) identified four groups of accessions with different profiles for the traits studied. Results suggest that it is possible to develop new eggplant varieties with improved functional and apparent quality.This project has been funded by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia through the grants SP20120681 and PAID-06-11 Nr. 2082, and by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad Grant AGL2012-34213 (jointly funded by FEDER).Plazas Ávila, MDLO.; López Gresa, MP.; Vilanova Navarro, S.; Torres Vidal, C.; Hurtado Ricart, M.; Gramazio, P.; Andújar Pérez, I.... (2013). Diversity and relationships in key traits for functional and apparent quality in a collection of eggplant: fruit phenolics content, antioxidant activity, polyphenol oxidase activity, and browning. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61(37):8871-8879. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf402429kS88718879613