93 research outputs found
Que valent les engagements des régimes de retraite envers les retraités en France ?
Using the "Echantillon Inter régimes des Retraités" (EIR) 2008 and 2012 panel data, we calculate retirees\u27 pension wealth (consumed and residual) at an aggregated level, and provide in-depth results by type of pension scheme and by managing organism. We put an emphasis on direct pensions already perceived by retirees and to be paid in the future, without taking into account current contributors\u27 future retirement. We find that the overall pension wealth is not very sensitive to the discount rate, but this result does not hold if we concentrate on the future pension wealth. From this point of view, it must be noted that some of the organisms have a high proportion of pension still to be paid. Moreover, whatever the type of pension wealth calculated, the results show a rapid increase from 2008 to 2012 (except for the basic scheme of farmers). Finally, spread indicators and Gini index of pension wealth are relatively higher than those found in the distribution of labor income by other studies. We find that there are more inequalities in the private sector than in the public, particularly in the private sector for complementary pension schemes
La réforme des retraites de 1993 : quel impact sur l'équivalent patrimonial des droits à retraite ?
Depuis 1993, la France a enregistrĂ© plusieurs rĂ©formes de son systĂšme de retraites, visant avant tout Ă en assurer la soutenabilitĂ©. Cette contribution a pour objectif dâĂ©valuer lâimpact de la rĂ©forme de 1993 sur lâĂ©quivalent patrimonial des droits individuels Ă la retraite (EPDR), c\u27est-Ă -dire la somme actuarielle probable des pensions Ă recevoir, de la date de liquidation des droits jusquâau dĂ©cĂšs. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, nous mesurons lâimpact de cette rĂ©forme sur lâEPDR des mono-pensionnĂ©s du rĂ©gime gĂ©nĂ©ral, Ă lâaide des donnĂ©es de lâEchantillon InterrĂ©gimes de RetraitĂ©s 2008. Parmi les mesures phares de la rĂ©forme de 1993 figure lâaugmentation progressive de la durĂ©e de cotisation nĂ©cessaire pour obtenir une retraite Ă taux plein au rĂ©gime gĂ©nĂ©ral. Cette augmentation est susceptible dâengendrer deux effets opposĂ©s : un effet de report de lâĂąge de liquidation pour conserver un EPDR adĂ©quat pour ses vieux jours (voire lâaugmenter) ou un effet de dĂ©cote, si lâassurĂ©-e ne souhaite, ou ne peut, pas prolonger son activitĂ© et subit donc une dĂ©cote sur sa pension, et partant sur son EPDR. Pour tester les effets nets de la rĂ©forme de 1993 sur lâEPDR, nous procĂ©dons Ă des estimations Ă©conomĂ©triques en diffĂ©rences premiĂšres et en doubles diffĂ©rences, ainsi quâĂ des estimations par quantiles pour mesurer les impacts le long de la distribution de lâEPDR. Nos estimations montrent des rĂ©sultats diffĂ©rents selon que les individus partent avant ou aprĂšs 2004, date dâentrĂ©e en vigueur de la rĂ©forme. Ainsi, toutes choses Ă©gales par ailleurs, un dĂ©part en retraite avant 2004 plutĂŽt que postĂ©rieurement, augmente lâEPDR des retraitĂ©s concernĂ©s. Toutefois, lâinteraction avec les autres variables nuance cette conclusion. Dâune part, reporter son dĂ©part en retraite rĂ©duit lâEPDR moyen dâenviron 20% : le report permet dâaccumuler des droits supplĂ©mentaires, mais sur une pĂ©riode rĂ©duite. Dâautre part, lâeffet de la dĂ©cote est nĂ©gatif, mais son intensitĂ© est rĂ©duite quand les retraitĂ©s reportent leur dĂ©part. En outre, comme les gĂ©nĂ©rations 1934-1943 ont subi conjointement les rĂ©formes de 1993 et 2003, nos estimations en double diffĂ©rence permettent dâisoler lâeffet « pur » de la rĂ©forme de 1993 : lorsque les affiliĂ©s ont subi une dĂ©cote, sans avoir reportĂ© leur dĂ©part en retraite pour lâattĂ©nuer, la liquidation des droits aux conditions de 2003 par rapport aux conditions de 1993 est la plus dĂ©favorable. Enfin, les estimations par quantiles montrent que ces effets sâintensifient dans la premiĂšre moitiĂ© de la distribution, et sâattĂ©nuent au-delĂ
Pension Wealth in France: An Assessment on Panel Data
This contribution proposes a measure of pension wealth in the French public PAYG schemes (first and second pillar schemes) and of its distribution among the population of retirees in 2008 using the Echantillon Inter rĂ©gimes de RetraitĂ©s (EIR) panel data. We show that aggregate pension wealth amounts to around 4765 billion Euros assuming a 2 percent discount rate. There are significant differences in the amount of individualâs pension wealth between the pension schemes of the private and public sector. Moreover, there is more inequality in the distribution of pension wealth among private sector retirees than public sectorones
Gridmapping the northern plains of Mars: Geomorphological, Radar and Water-Equivalent Hydrogen results from Arcadia Plantia
A project of mapping ice-related landforms was undertaken to understand the role of sub-surface ice in the northern plains. This work is the first continuous regional mapping from CTX (âConTeXt Cameraâ, 6 m/pixel; Malin et al., 2007) imagery in Arcadia Planitia along a strip 300 km across stretching from 30°N to 80°N centred on the 170° West line of longitude. The distribution and morphotypes of these landforms were used to understand the permafrost cryolithology. The mantled and textured signatures occur almost ubiquitously between 35° N and 78° N and have a positive spatial correlation with inferred ice stability based on thermal modelling, neutron spectroscopy and radar data. The degradational features into the LDM (Latitude Dependent Mantle) include pits, scallops and 100 m polygons and provide supporting evidence for sub-surface ice and volatile loss between 35-70° N in Arcadia with the mantle between 70-78° N appearing much more intact. Pitted terrain appears to be much more pervasive in Arcadia than in Acidalia and Utopia suggesting that the Arcadia study area had more wide-spread near-surface sub-surface ice, and thus was more susceptible to pitting, or that the ice was less well-buried by sediments. Correlations with ice stability models suggest that lack of pits north of 65-70° N could indicate a relatively young age (~1Ma), however this could also be explained through regional variations in degradation rates. The deposition of the LDM is consistent with an airfall hypothesis however there appears to be substantial evidence for fluvial processes in southern Arcadia with older, underlying processes being equally dominant with the LDM and degradation thereof in shaping the landscape
Equivalent Patrimonial des Droits Ă Retraite en France : MĂ©thodologie et Mesure dans l'EIR
LâĂ©quivalent patrimonial des droits Ă retraite (directs ou dĂ©rivĂ©s) permet dâĂ©valuer la soutenabilitĂ© et la gĂ©nĂ©rositĂ© des rĂ©gimes de retraite. A lâaide des donnĂ©es de lâEchantillon Inter-rĂ©gimes des RetraitĂ©s de 2008, nous proposons une mesure de cet indicateur pour les assurĂ©s Ă la retraite du systĂšme de retraite français. Lâobjectif de cet article est de discuter des choix mĂ©thodologiques retenus Ă chaque Ă©tape de calcul de lâĂ©quivalent patrimonial et de souligner les contraintes et les limites spĂ©cifiques Ă un tel exercice. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus rĂ©vĂšlent que les diffĂ©rences entre les rĂ©gimes de retraite peuvent gĂ©nĂ©rer des engagements dâune ampleur variable envers les assurĂ©s Ă la retraite. Lâanalyse de la concentration montre que la distribution de lâĂ©quivalent patrimonial des droits directs est plus inĂ©gale entre les assurĂ©s aux rĂ©gimes complĂ©mentaires quâentre les assurĂ©s des rĂ©gimes de base ou intĂ©grĂ©s
(rĂ©gime gĂ©nĂ©ral, SRE-civile par exemple). Les inĂ©galitĂ©s au sein des rĂ©gimes et entre les gĂ©nĂ©rations dans la distribution de lâĂ©quivalent patrimonial tendent globalement Ă diminuer au fil des gĂ©nĂ©rations Ă©tudiĂ©es
Pregnancy termination for fetal abnormality: are health professionalsâ perceptions of womenâs coping congruent with womenâs accounts?
Background: Pregnancy termination for fetal abnormality (TFA) may have profound psychological consequences for those involved. Evidence suggests that womenâs experience of care influences their psychological adjustment to TFA and that they greatly value compassionate healthcare. Caring for women in these circumstances presents challenges for health professionals, which may relate to their understanding of womenâs experience. This qualitative study examined health professionalsâ perceptions of womenâs coping with TFA and assessed to what extent these perceptions are congruent with womenâs accounts. Methods: Fifteen semi-structured interviews were carried out with health professionals in three hospitals in England. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and compared with womenâs accounts of their own coping processes to identify similarities and differences. Results: Health professionalsâ perceptions of womenâs coping processes were congruent with womenâs accounts in identifying the roles of support, acceptance, problem-solving, avoidance, another pregnancy and meaning attribution as key coping strategies. Health professionals regarded coping with TFA as a unique grieving process and were cognisant of womenâs idiosyncrasies in coping. They also considered their role as information providers as essential in helping women cope with TFA. The findings also indicate that health professionals lacked insight into womenâs long-term coping processes and the potential for positive growth following TFA, which is consistent with a lack of aftercare following TFA reported by women. Conclusions: Health professionalsâ perceptions of womenâs coping with TFA closely matched womenâs accounts, suggesting a high level of understanding. However, the lack of insight into womenâs long-term coping processes has important clinical implications, as research suggests that coping with TFA is a long-term process and that the provision of aftercare is beneficial to women. Together, these findings call for further research into the most appropriate ways to support women post-TFA, with a view to developing a psychological intervention to better support women in the future
Event Timing in Associative Learning: From Biochemical Reaction Dynamics to Behavioural Observations
Associative learning relies on event timing. Fruit flies for example, once trained with an odour that precedes electric shock, subsequently avoid this odour (punishment learning); if, on the other hand the odour follows the shock during training, it is approached later on (relief learning). During training, an odour-induced Ca++ signal and a shock-induced dopaminergic signal converge in the Kenyon cells, synergistically activating a Ca++-calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase, which likely leads to the synaptic plasticity underlying the conditioned avoidance of the odour. In Aplysia, the effect of serotonin on the corresponding adenylate cyclase is bi-directionally modulated by Ca++, depending on the relative timing of the two inputs. Using a computational approach, we quantitatively explore this biochemical property of the adenylate cyclase and show that it can generate the effect of event timing on associative learning. We overcome the shortage of behavioural data in Aplysia and biochemical data in Drosophila by combining findings from both systems
Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila
Sub-kilometre (intra-crater) mounds in Utopia Planitia, Mars: character, occurrence and possible formation hypotheses
At the middle latitudes of Utopia Planitia (âŒ35â45°N; âŒ65â101°E) hundreds of small-sized mounds located in sub-kilometre impact craters dot the landscape. Their shape varies from circular to crescentic and their height ranges from âŒ10 to 50 m. Often, metre to decametre pitting is observed, as is metres-thick banding or stratification. Mound albedo is relatively high, i.e. âŒ0.16. The plainâs terrain in the region, previously linked to the latitude-dependent mantle (LDM) of iceâdust, displays pitting and albedo similar to the small intra-crater mounds. Some workers have suggested that the mounds and the plainâs terrain share a common iceâdust origin. If so, then scrutinising the mounds could provide analogical insight on the key geological characteristics and spatial distribution of the LDM itself. Other workers have hypothesised that the mounds are eroded sedimentary landforms or periglacial mounds underlain by a perennial ice-core (closed-system pingos).
In this article we develop and then discuss each of the three mound-hypotheses in a much more substantial manner than has been done hitherto. Towards this end we use high-resolution images, present a detailed regional-map of mound distribution and establish a regional platform of topographical analysis using MOLA data superposed on a large-scale CTX mosaic. Although the iceâdust hypothesis is consistent with some observations and measurements, we find that a (loess-based) sedimentary hypothesis shows greater plausibility. Of the three hypotheses evaluated, the pingo or periglacial one is the weakest
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