Weak Polygyny in California Sea Lions and the Potential for Alternative Mating Tactics

Female aggregation and male territoriality are considered to be hallmarks of polygynous mating systems. The development of genetic parentage assignment has called into question the accuracy of behavioral traits in predicting true mating systems. In this study we use 14 microsatellite markers to explore the mating system of one of the most behaviorally polygynous species, the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). We sampled a total of 158 female-pup pairs and 99 territorial males across two breeding rookeries (San Jorge and Los Islotes) in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Fathers could be identified for 30% of pups sampled at San Jorge across three breeding seasons and 15% of sampled pups at Los Islotes across two breeding seasons. Analysis of paternal relatedness between the pups for which no fathers were identified (sampled over four breeding seasons at San Jorge and two at Los Islotes) revealed that few pups were likely to share a father. Thirty-one percent of the sampled males on San Jorge and 15% of the sampled males on Los Islotes were assigned at least one paternity. With one exception, no male was identified as the father of more than two pups. Furthermore, at Los Islotes rookery there were significantly fewer pups assigned paternity than expected given the pool of sampled males (p<0.0001). Overall, we found considerably lower variation in male reproductive success than expected in a species that exhibits behavior associated with strongly polygynous mating. Low variation in male reproductive success may result from heightened mobility among receptive females in the Gulf of California, which reduces the ability of males to monopolize groups of females. Our results raise important questions regarding the adaptive role of territoriality and the potential for alternative mating tactics in this species

Context-dependent associations between heterozygosity and immune variation in a wild carnivore

Background: A multitude of correlations between heterozygosity and fitness proxies associated with disease have been reported from wild populations, but the genetic basis of these associations is unresolved. We used a longitudinal dataset on wild Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus wollebaeki) to develop a relatively new perspective on this problem, by testing for associations between heterozygosity and immune variation across age classes and between ecological contexts. Results: Homozygosity by locus was negatively correlated with serum immunoglobulin G production in pups (0-3 months of age), suggesting that reduced genetic diversity has a detrimental influence on the early development of immune defence in the Galapagos sea lion. In addition, homozygosity by locus was positively correlated with total circulating leukocyte concentration in juveniles (6-24 months of age), but only in a colony subject to the anthropogenic environmental impacts of development, pollution and introduced species, which suggests that reduced genetic diversity influences mature immune system activity in circumstances of high antigen exposure. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the environmental context-dependency of the phenotypic expression of immune variation, which is implicit in the theory of ecoimmunology, but which has been rarely demonstrated in the wild. They also indicate that heterozygosity may be linked to the maintenance of heterogeneity in mammalian immune system development and response to infection, adding to the body of evidence on the nature of the mechanistic link between heterozygosity and fitness

Unexpected death of the scleractinian Desmophyllum dianthus in northern Patagonian Fjords, Chile

Fiordo Comau in Northern Patagonia, Chile, is home to a wide range of unique habitats and diverse communities of many new and little understood species. At one site in the fiordo, XHuinay, H2S seeps allow for the formation of filamentous chemosynthetic bacteria mats. Here, two scleractinians, Desmophyllum dianthus and Caryophyllia huinayensis, were once abundant on hard substrate below 18m depth. However, a recent mass mortality of D. dianthus occurred while C. huinayensis continues to survive. This pilot study investigates whether the presence of H2S seeps and their associated bacteria have an affect on D. dianthus mortality. We fixed nine D. dianthus individuals and nine C. huinayensis individuals at 25m depth at two sites: XHuinay and Isla Lilihuapi (control) to monitor their survival under actual conditions. If H2S seeps negatively affect Desmophyllum dianthus survival, then we expect to observe deaths of individuals of D. dianthus at XHuinay and the survival of individuals at Isla Lilihuapi. We also expect C. huinayensis to survive at both sites. This experiment is still in progress. However, this preliminary study emphasizes the need for and seeks to prompt further investigation into these scleractinians, their relationship with both biotic and abiotic environmental factors, and specifically their role within the fragile web of Chilean Fiord ecology

Statistic to Eddy-Current Scanning of Niobium Sheets for FOR the European XFEL

The fabrication experiences of superconducting cavities for FLASH have shown that eddy-current scanning of the Nb-sheets foreseen for half-cells reduces the cavity failures. New Eddy-Current devices have been developed and build together with the industry for the production of 800 pieces 1.3 GHz superconducting niobium cavities for European XFEL. More than 14.700 Nb-sheets provided by three companies have been tested by eddy-current scanning. The sheets that demonstrated local deviations of the signal have been subsequently non-destructively examined by 3d-microscope and X-Ray element analysis. The surface defects (dents, holes, scratches) are the mainly detected flaws. In addition several types of foreign material inclusions observed. Statistic concerning eddy-current signal deviation and rejection rates for each supplier is presented

UNEXPLAINED DEATH OF THE SCLERACTINIAN DESMOPHYLLUM DIANTHUS IN NORTHERN PATAGONIAN FIORDS, CHILE Muertes inexplicadas del escleractinio Desmophyllum dianthus en los fjordos del Norte de la Patagonia Chilena

Fiordo Comau in Northern Patagonia, Chile, is home to a wide range of unique habitats and diverse communities of many new and little understood species. At one site in the fiordo, XHuinay, H2S seeps allow for the formation of filamentous chemosynthetic bacteria mats. Here, two scleractinians, Desmophyllum dianthus and Caryophyllia huinayensis, were once abundant on hard substrate below 18m depth. However, a recent mass mortality of D. dianthus occurred while C. huinayensis continues to survive. This pilot study investigates whether the presence of H2S seeps and their associated bacteria have an affect on D. dianthus mortality. We fixed nine D. dianthus individuals and nine C. huinayensis individuals at 25m depth at two sites: XHuinay and Isla Lilihuapi (control) to monitor their survival under actual conditions. If H2S seeps negatively affect Desmophyllum dianthus survival, then we expect to observe deaths of individuals of D. dianthus at XHuinay and the survival of individuals at Isla Lilihuapi. We also expect C. huinayensis to survive at both sites. This experiment is still in progress. However, this preliminary study emphasizes the need for and seeks to prompt further investigation into these scleractinians, their relationship with both biotic and abiotic environmental factors, and specifically their role within the fragile web of Chilean Fiord ecology. El fiordo Comau, en la Patagonia Norte de Chile, da hogar a una gran variedad de hábitats singulares y comunidades diversas de muchas especies nuevas y poco entendidas. En un sitio en el fiordo (X-Huinay) filtraciones de H2S permiten la formación de bacterias quimiosintéticas que crean esteras filamentosas. En este sitio abundaban antes dos escleractinios, Desmophyllum dianthus y Caryophyllia huinayensis, en el sustrato duro abajo de una profundidad de 18m. Sin embargo, una mortalidad masiva de D. dianthus fue detectada recientemente, mientras que C. huinayensis continúa sobreviviendo en este sitio. Este estudio piloto investiga si la presencia de las filtraciones de H2S y las bacterias asociadas están conectadas a la mortalidad de D. dianthus. Nueve individuos de D. dianthus y nueve individuos de C. huinayensis fueron fijados a una profundidad de 25m mediante buceo autónomo en dos sitios: X-Huinay e Isla Lilihuapi (control) para monitorear su supervivencia en condiciones reales. Si las filtraciones de H2S afectan negativamente la supervivencia de D. dianthus, esperamos observar la muerte de individuos de esta especie en X-Huinay pero no en Isla Lilihuapi. Además la expectativa es que no haya mortalidad significativa de C. huinayensis en ninguno de los sitios. Este experimento preliminar aún está en curso, sin embargo hace hincapié en la necesidad de mayores investigaciones de estos escleractinios, sus relaciones con factores ambientales bióticos y abióticos, y específicamente su nicho dentro de la frágil red ecológica de los fiordos chilenos