Overview of the NSTX Control System

The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is an innovative magnetic fusion device that was constructed by the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Columbia University, and the University of Washington at Seattle. Since achieving first plasma in 1999, the device has been used for fusion research through an international collaboration of over twenty institutions. The NSTX is operated through a collection of control systems that encompass a wide range of technology, from hardwired relay controls to real-time control systems with giga-FLOPS of capability. This paper presents a broad introduction to the control systems used on NSTX, with an emphasis on the computing controls, data acquisition, and synchronization systems.Comment: 3 PDF pages, 8th International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (PSN TUBT004), San Jose, CA, USA, November 27-3

Direct Telemetry Access

Fine-grained network telemetry is becoming a modern datacenter standard and is the basis of essential applications such as congestion control, load balancing, and advanced troubleshooting. As network size increases and telemetry gets more fine-grained, there is a tremendous growth in the amount of data needed to be reported from switches to collectors to enable network-wide view. As a consequence, it is progressively hard to scale data collection systems.We introduce Direct Telemetry Access (DTA), a solution optimized for aggregating and moving hundreds of millions of reports per second from switches into queryable data structures in collectors' memory. DTA is lightweight and it is able to greatly reduce overheads at collectors. DTA is built on top of RDMA, and we propose novel and expressive reporting primitives to allow easy integration with existing state-of-the-art telemetry mechanisms such as INT or Marple.We show that DTA significantly improves telemetry collection rates. For example, when used with INT, it can collect and aggregate over 400M reports per second with a single server, improving over the Atomic MultiLog by up to 16x

The Reorientation of T-Cell Polarity and Inhibition of Immunological Synapse Formation by CD46 Involves Its Recruitment to Lipid Rafts

Many infectious agents utilize CD46 for infection of human cells, and therapeutic applications of CD46-binding viruses are now being explored. Besides mediating internalization to enable infection, binding to CD46 can directly alter immune function. In particular, ligation of CD46 by antibodies or by measles virus can prevent activation of T cells by altering T-cell polarity and consequently preventing the formation of an immunological synapse. Here, we define a mechanism by which CD46 reorients T-cell polarity to prevent T-cell receptor signaling in response to antigen presentation. We show that CD46 associates with lipid rafts upon ligation, and that this reduces recruitment of both lipid rafts and the microtubule organizing centre to the site of receptor cross-linking. These data combined indicate that polarization of T cells towards the site of CD46 ligation prevents formation of an immunological synapse, and this is associated with the ability of CD46 to recruit lipid rafts away from the site of TCR ligation

Trunk-Rotation Flexibility in Collegiate Softball Players With or Without a History of Shoulder or Elbow Injury

Throwing is a whole-body motion that requires the transfer of momentum from the lower extremity to the upper extremity via the trunk. No research to date examines the association between a history of shoulder or elbow injury and trunk flexibility in overhead athletes

The Gabor wave front set in spaces of ultradifferentiable functions

[EN] We consider the spaces of ultradifferentiable functions S as introduced by Bjorck (and its dual S) and we use time-frequency analysis to define a suitable wave front set in this setting and obtain several applications: global regularity properties of pseudodifferential operators of infinite order and the micro-pseudolocal behaviour of partial differential operators with polynomial coefficients and of localization operators with symbols of exponential growth. Moreover, we prove that the new wave front set, defined in terms of the Gabor transform, can be described using only Gabor frames. Finally, some examples show the convenience of the use of weight functions to describe more precisely the global regularity of (ultra)distributions.The authors were partially supported by the INdAM-Gnampa Project 2016 "Nuove prospettive nell'analisi microlocale e tempo-frequenza", by FAR2013, FAR2014 (University of Ferrara) and by the project "Ricerca Locale - Analisi di Gabor, operatori pseudodifferenziali ed equazioni differenziali" (University of Torino). The research of the second author was partially supported by the project MTM2016-76647-P.Boiti, C.; Jornet Casanova, D.; Oliaro, A. (2019). The Gabor wave front set in spaces of ultradifferentiable functions. Monatshefte für Mathematik. 188(2):199-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00605-018-1242-3S1992461882Albanese, A., Jornet, D., Oliaro, A.: Quasianalytic wave front sets for solutions of linear partial differential operators. Integr. Equ. Oper. Theory 66, 153–181 (2010)Albanese, A., Jornet, D., Oliaro, A.: Wave front sets for ultradistribution solutions of linear partial differential operators with coefficients in non-quasianalytic classes. Math. Nachr. 285(4), 411–425 (2012)Björck, G.: Linear partial differential operators and generalized distributions. Ark. Mat. 6(21), 351–407 (1966)Boiti, C., Gallucci, E.: The overdetermined Cauchy problem for $$\omega$$ ω -ultradifferentiable functions. Manuscripta Math. 155(3-4), 419–448 (2018)Boiti, C., Jornet, D.: A simple proof of Kotake–Narasimhan theorem in some classes of ultradifferentiable functions. J. Pseudo-Differ. Oper. Appl. 8(2), 297–317 (2017)Boiti, C., Jornet, D.: A characterization of the wave front set defined by the iterates of an operator with constant coefficients. Rev. R. Acad. Cienc. Exactas Fs. Nat. Ser. A Math. RACSAM 111(3), 891–919 (2017)Boiti, C., Jornet, D., Juan-Huguet, J.: Wave front sets with respect to the iterates of an operator with constant coefficients. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2014, 1–17 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/438716Boiti, C., Jornet, D., Oliaro, A.: Regularity of partial differential operators in ultradifferentiable spaces and Wigner type transforms. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 446, 920–944 (2017)Bonet, J., Meise, R., Melikhov, S.N.: A comparison of two different ways to define classes of ultradifferentiable functions. Bull. Belg. Math. Soc. Simon Stevin 14(3), 425–444 (2007)Borwein, J.M., Lewis, A.S.: Convex Analysis and Nonlinear Optimization. Theory and Examples, CMS Books in Mathematics/Ouvrages de Mathématiques de la SMC. Springer, New York (2006)Braun, R.W., Meise, R., Taylor, B.A.: Ultradifferentiable functions and Fourier analysis. Result. Math. 17, 206–237 (1990)Cappiello, M., Schulz, R.: Microlocal analysis of quasianalytic Gelfand–Shilov type ultradistributions. Complex Var. Elliptic Equ. 61(4), 538–561 (2016)Carypis, E., Wahlberg, P.: Propagation of exponential phase space singularities for Schrödinger equations with quadratic Hamiltonians. J. Fourier Anal. Appl. 23(3), 530–571 (2017)Christensen, O.: An Introduction to Frames and Riesz Bases. Applied and Numerical Harmonic Analysis. Springer, Berlin (2016)Fernández, C., Galbis, A., Jornet, D.: Pseudodifferential operators on non-quasianalytic classes of Beurling type. Studia Math. 167(2), 99–131 (2005)Fernández, C., Galbis, A., Jornet, D.: Pseudodifferential operators of Beurling type and the wave front set. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 340(2), 1153–1170 (2008)Fieker, C.: $$P$$ P -Konvexität und $$\omega$$ ω -Hypoelliptizität für partielle Differentialoperatoren mit konstanten Koeffizienten. Diplomarbeit, Mathematischen Institut der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf (1993)Gröchenig, K.: Foundations of Time-Frequency Analysis. Birkhäuser, Boston (2001)Gröchenig, K., Zimmermann, G.: Spaces of test functions via the STFT. J. Funct. Spaces Appl. 2(1), 25–53 (2004)Heil, C.: A Basis Theory Primer. Applied and Numerical Harmonic Analysis. Springer, New York (2011)Hörmander, L.: Fourier integral operators. Acta Math. 127(1), 79–183 (1971)Hörmander, L.: Quadratic hyperbolic operators. In: Cattabriga, L., Rodino, L. (eds.) Microlocal Analysis and Applications. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, pp. 118–160. Springer, Berlin (1991)Hörmander, L.: The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators, vol. I. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1983)Hörmander, L.: The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators, vol. II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1983)Hörmander, L.: The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators, vol. III. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1985)Janssen, A.J.E.M.: Duality and biorthogonality for Weyl–Heisenberg frames. J. Fourier Anal. Appl. 1(4), 403–436 (1995)Langenbruch, M.: Hermite functions and weighted spaces of generalized functions. Manuscripta Math. 119(3), 269–285 (2006)Meise, R., Vogt, D.: Introduction to Functional Analysis. Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1997)Nakamura, S.: Propagation of the homogeneous wave front set for Schrödinger equations. Duke Math. J. 126, 349–367 (2005)Nicola, F., Rodino, L.: Global Pseudo-Differential Calculus on Euclidean Spaces. Springer, Basel (2010)Pilipović, S.: Tempered ultradistributions. Boll. U.M.I. B (7) 2(2), 235-251 (1988)Prangoski, B.: Pseudodifferential operators of infinite order in spaces of tempered ultradistributions. J. Pseudo-Differ. Oper. Appl. 4(4), 495–549 (2013)Pilipović, S., Prangoski, B.: Anti-Wick and Weyl quantization on ultradistribution spaces. J. Math. Pures Appl. 103(2), 472–503 (2015)Rodino, L.: Linear Partial Differential Operators and Gevrey Spaces. World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., River Edge, NJ (1993)Rodino, L., Wahlberg, P.: The Gabor wave front set. Monatsh. Math. 173, 625–655 (2014)Schulz, R., Wahlberg, P.: Microlocal properties of Shubin pseudodifferential and localization operators. J. Pseudo-Differ. Oper. Appl. 7(1), 91–111 (2016)Schulz, R., Wahlberg, P.: Equality of the homogeneous and the Gabor wave front set. Commun. Partial Differ. Equ. 42(5), 703–730 (2017)Shubin, M.A.: Pseudodifferential Operators and Spectral Theory. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1987)Sjöstrand, J.: Singularités analytiques microlocales. Astérisque 95, 1–166 (1982)Toft, J.: The Bargmann transform on modulation and Gelfand–Shilov spaces, with applications to Toeplitz and pseudo-differential operators. J. Pseudo-Differ. Oper. Appl. 3(2), 145–227 (2012)Toft, J.: Images of function and distribution spaces under the Bargmann transform. J. Pseudo-Differ. Oper. Appl. 8(1), 83–139 (2017)Treves, F.: Topological vector spaces, distributions and kernels. Academic Press, New York (1967

DOCK8 deficiency impairs CD8 T cell survival and function in humans and mice

In humans, DOCK8 immunodeficiency syndrome is characterized by severe cutaneous viral infections. Thus, CD8 T cell function may be compromised in the absence of DOCK8. In this study, by analyzing mutant mice and humans, we demonstrate a critical, intrinsic role for DOCK8 in peripheral CD8 T cell survival and function. DOCK8 mutation selectively diminished the abundance of circulating naive CD8 T cells in both species, and in DOCK8-deficient humans, most CD8 T cells displayed an exhausted CD45RA+CCR7? phenotype. Analyses in mice revealed the CD8 T cell abnormalities to be cell autonomous and primarily postthymic. DOCK8 mutant naive CD8 T cells had a shorter lifespan and, upon encounter with antigen on dendritic cells, exhibited poor LFA-1 synaptic polarization and a delay in the first cell division. Although DOCK8 mutant T cells underwent near-normal primary clonal expansion after primary infection with recombinant influenza virus in vivo, they showed greatly reduced memory cell persistence and recall. These findings highlight a key role for DOCK8 in the survival and function of human and mouse CD8 T cells

The Dynamic Processing of CD46 Intracellular Domains Provides a Molecular Rheostat for T Cell Activation

Adequate termination of an immune response is as important as the induction of an appropriate response. CD46, a regulator of complement activity, promotes T cell activation and differentiation towards a regulatory Tr1 phenotype. This Tr1 differentiation pathway is defective in patients with MS, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, underlying its importance in controlling T cell function and the need to understand its regulatory mechanisms. CD46 has two cytoplasmic tails, Cyt1 and Cyt2, derived from alternative splicing, which are co-expressed in all nucleated human cells. The regulation of their expression and precise functions in regulating human T cell activation has not been fully elucidated.Here, we first report the novel role of CD46 in terminating T cell activation. Second, we demonstrate that its functions as an activator and inhibitor of T cell responses are mediated through the temporal processing of its cytoplasmic tails. Cyt1 processing is required to turn T cell activation on, while processing of Cyt2 switches T cell activation off, as demonstrated by proliferation, CD25 expression and cytokine secretion. Both tails require processing by Presenilin/γSecretase (P/γS) to exert these functions. This was confirmed by expressing wild-type Cyt1 and Cyt2 tails and uncleavable mutant tails in primary T cells. The role of CD46 tails was also demonstrated with T cells expressing CD19 ectodomain-CD46 C-Terminal Fragment (CTF) fusions, which allowed specific triggering of each tail individually.We conclude that CD46 acts as a molecular rheostat to control human T cell activation through the regulation of processing of its cytoplasmic tails

DOCK8 deficiency impairs CD8 T cell survival and function in humans and mice

As shown by analysis of mice and humans bearing DOCK8-inactivating mutations, DOCK8 plays a cell-autonomous role in survival of naive CD8 T cells, LFA-1 polarization toward the immune synapse, and CD8 T cell memory and recall responses following viral infection

Calcitriol modulates the CD46 pathway in T cells

The complement regulator CD46 is a costimulatory molecule for human T cells that induces a regulatory Tr1 phenotype, characterized by large amounts of IL-10 secretion. Secretion of IL-10 upon CD46 costimulation is largely impaired in T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Vitamin D can exert a direct effect on T cells, and may be beneficial in several pathologies, including MS. In this pilot study, we examined whether active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3 or calcitriol) could modulate the CD46 pathway and restore IL-10 production by CD46-costimulated CD4+ T cells from patients with MS. In healthy T cells, calcitriol profoundly affects the phenotype of CD46-costimulated CD4+ T cells, by increasing the expression of CD28, CD25, CTLA-4 and Foxp3 while it concomitantly decreased CD46 expression. Similar trends were observed in MS CD4+ T cells except for CD25 for which a striking opposite effect was observed: while CD25 was normally induced on MS T cells by CD46 costimulation, addition of calcitriol consistently inhibited its induction. Despite the aberrant effect on CD25 expression, calcitriol increased the IL-10:IFNc ratio, characteristic of the CD46-induced Tr1 phenotype, in both T cells from healthy donors and patients with MS. Hence, we show that calcitriol affects the CD46 pathway, and that it promotes anti-inflammatory responses mediated by CD46. Moreover, it might be beneficial for T cell responses in MS

Murine and Bovine γδ T Cells Enhance Innate Immunity against Brucella abortus Infections

γδ T cells have been postulated to act as a first line of defense against infectious agents, particularly intracellular pathogens, representing an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Human γδ T cells expand in the blood of brucellosis patients and are active against Brucella in vitro. However, the role of γδ T cells in vivo during experimental brucellosis has not been studied. Here we report TCRδ−/− mice are more susceptible to B. abortus infection than C57BL/6 mice at one week post-infection as measured by splenic colonization and splenomegaly. An increase in TCRγδ cells was observed in the spleens of B. abortus-infected C57BL/6 mice, which peaked at two weeks post-infection and occurred concomitantly with diminished brucellae. γδ T cells were the major source of IL-17 following infection and also produced IFN-γ. Depletion of γδ T cells from C57BL/6, IL-17Rα−/−, and GMCSF−/− mice enhanced susceptibility to B. abortus infection although this susceptibility was unaltered in the mutant mice; however, when γδ T cells were depleted from IFN-γ−/− mice, enhanced susceptibility was observed. Neutralization of γδ T cells in the absence of TNF-α did not further impair immunity. In the absence of TNF-α or γδ T cells, B. abortus-infected mice showed enhanced IFN-γ, suggesting that they augmented production to compensate for the loss of γδ T cells and/or TNF-α. While the protective role of γδ T cells was TNF-α-dependent, γδ T cells were not the major source of TNF-α and activation of γδ T cells following B. abortus infection was TNF-α-independent. Additionally, bovine TCRγδ cells were found to respond rapidly to B. abortus infection upon co-culture with autologous macrophages and could impair the intramacrophage replication of B. abortus via IFN-γ. Collectively, these results demonstrate γδ T cells are important for early protection to B. abortus infections