705 research outputs found
Transient technique for measuring heat transfer coefficients on stator airfoils in a jet engine environment
A transient technique was used to measure heat transfer coefficients on stator airfoils in a high-temperature annular cascade at real engine conditions. The transient response of thin film thermocouples on the airfoil surface to step changes in the gas stream temperature was used to determine these coefficients. In addition, gardon gages and paired thermocouples were also utilized to measure heat flux on the airfoil pressure surface at steady state conditions. The tests were conducted at exit gas stream Reynolds numbers of one-half to 1.9 million based on true chord. The results from the transient technique show good comparison with the steady-state results in both trend and magnitude. In addition, comparison is made with the STAN5 boundary layer code and shows good comparison with the trends. However, the magnitude of the experimental data is consistently higher than the analysis
Spin-orbit coupling in interacting quasi-one-dimensional electron systems
We present a new model for the study of spin-orbit coupling in interacting
quasi-one-dimensional systems and solve it exactly to find the spectral
properties of such systems. We show that the combination of spin-orbit coupling
and electron-electron interactions results in: the replacement of separate spin
and charge excitations with two new kinds of bosonic mixed-spin-charge
excitation, and a characteristic modification of the spectral function and
single-particle density of states. Our results show how manipulation of the
spin-orbit coupling, with external electric fields, can be used for the
experimental determination of microscopic interaction parameters in quantum
wires.Comment: 5 pages including 4 figures; RevTeX; to appear in Phys.Rev.Let
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VEGETATION COVER ANALYSIS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES IN UTAH AND ARIZONA USING HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING
Remote sensing technology can provide a cost-effective tool for monitoring hazardous waste sites. This study investigated the usability of HyMap airborne hyperspectral remote sensing data (126 bands at 2.3 x 2.3 m spatial resolution) to characterize the vegetation at U.S. Department of Energy uranium processing sites near Monticello, Utah and Monument Valley, Arizona. Grass and shrub species were mixed on an engineered disposal cell cover at the Monticello site while shrub species were dominant in the phytoremediation plantings at the Monument Valley site. The specific objectives of this study were to: (1) estimate leaf-area-index (LAI) of the vegetation using three different methods (i.e., vegetation indices, red-edge positioning (REP), and machine learning regression trees), and (2) map the vegetation cover using machine learning decision trees based on either the scaled reflectance data or mixture tuned matched filtering (MTMF)-derived metrics and vegetation indices. Regression trees resulted in the best calibration performance of LAI estimation (R{sup 2} > 0.80). The use of REPs failed to accurately predict LAI (R{sup 2} < 0.2). The use of the MTMF-derived metrics (matched filter scores and infeasibility) and a range of vegetation indices in decision trees improved the vegetation mapping when compared to the decision tree classification using just the scaled reflectance. Results suggest that hyperspectral imagery are useful for characterizing biophysical characteristics (LAI) and vegetation cover on capped hazardous waste sites. However, it is believed that the vegetation mapping would benefit from the use of 1 higher spatial resolution hyperspectral data due to the small size of many of the vegetation patches (< 1m) found on the sites
Dynamic buckling and fragmentation in brittle rods
We present experiments on the dynamic buckling and fragmentation of slender
rods axially impacted by a projectile. By combining the results of Saint-Venant
and elastic beam theory, we derive a preferred wavelength lambda for the
buckling instability, and experimentally verify the resulting scaling law for a
range of materials including teflon, dry pasta, glass, and steel. For brittle
materials, buckling leads to the fragmentation of the rod. Measured fragment
length distributions show two clear peaks near lambda/2 and lambda/4. The
non-monotonic nature of the distributions reflect the influence of the
deterministic buckling process on the more random fragmentation processes.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letter
Structural changes in FeOx/γ-Al2O3 catalysts during ethylbenzene dehydrogenation
The structural changes that occur in a FeOx/γ-Al2O3 catalyst during the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene in a fluidized CREC Riser Simulator have been investigated. Chemical and morphological changes are observed to take place as a result of reaction. Electron microscopy reveals the formation of needle-like alumina structures apparently enclosing iron oxide particles. The formation of such structures at relatively low temperatures is unexpected and has not previously been reported. Additionally, X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy confirmed the reduction of the oxidation state of iron, from Fe2O3 (haematite) to Fe3O4 (magnetite). Iron carbides, Fe3C and ɛ-Fe2C, were detected by electron microscopy through electron diffraction and lattice fringes analysis. Carbon deposition (coking) on the catalyst surface also occurs. The observed structural changes are likely to be closely correlated with the catalytic properties of the materials, in particular with catalyst deactivation, and thereby provide important avenues for future study of this industrially important reaction. Fe2O3/Al2O3 catalyst undergoes chemical and morphological changes during ethylbenzene dehydrogenation forming Al2O3 needles which appear to contain reduced Fe3O4 particles. Fe3C also forms during reaction
Combining frequency and time domain approaches to systems with multiple spike train input and output
A frequency domain approach and a time domain approach have been combined in an investigation of the behaviour of the primary and secondary endings of an isolated muscle spindle in response to the activity of two static fusimotor axons when the parent muscle is held at a fixed length and when it is subjected to random length changes. The frequency domain analysis has an associated error process which provides a measure of how well the input processes can be used to predict the output processes and is also used to
specify how the interactions between the recorded processes
contribute to this error. Without assuming stationarity of the input, the time domain approach uses a sequence of probability models of increasing complexity in which the number of input processes to the model is progressively increased. This feature of the time domain approach was used to identify a preferred direction of interaction between the processes underlying the generation of the activity of the primary and secondary endings. In the presence of fusimotor activity and dynamic length changes imposed on the muscle, it was shown that the activity of the primary and secondary endings carried different information about the effects of the inputs imposed on the muscle spindle. The results presented in this work emphasise that the analysis of the behaviour of complex
systems benefits from a combination of frequency and time
domain methods
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CONSIDERATIONS FOR GROUT FORMULATIONS FOR FACILITY CLOSURES USING IN SITU STRATEGIES
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is conducting in situ closures (entombment) at a large number of facilities throughout the complex. Among the largest closure actions currently underway are the closures of the P and R Reactors at the Savannah River Site (SRS), near Aiken, South Carolina. In these facilities, subgrade open spaces are being stabilized with grout; this ensures the long term structural integrity of the facilities and permanently immobilizes and isolates residual contamination. The large size and structural complexity of these facilities present a wide variety of challenges for the identification and selection of appropriate fill materials. Considerations for grout formulations must account for flowability, long term stability, set times, heat generation and interactions with materials within the structure. The large size and configuration of the facility necessitates that grout must be pumped from the exterior to the spaces to be filled, which requires that the material must retain a high degree of flowability to move through piping without clogging while achieving the required leveling properties at the pour site. Set times and curing properties must be controlled to meet operations schedules, while not generating sufficient heat to compromise the properties of the fill material. The properties of residual materials can result in additional requirements for grout formulations. If significant quantities of aluminum are present in the facility, common formulations of highly alkaline grouts may not be appropriate because of the potential for hydrogen generation with the resultant risks. SRS is developing specialized inorganic grout formulations that are designed to address this issue. One circum-neutral chemical grout formulation identified for initial consideration did not possess the proper chemical characteristics, having exceptionally short set times and high heat of hydration. Research efforts are directed toward developing grout formulations that can meet operational requirements for chemical compatibility, extended set times and reduced heat generation
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Geochemical and physical properties of wetland soils at the Savannah River site
The Savannah River Site (SRS), located in Aiken, Allendale, and Barnwell Counties, South Carolina, is a nuclear production facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by Westinghouse Savannah River Company (WSRC). To facilitate future human health and ecological risk assessments, treatability studies, remedial investigations, and feasibility studies for its wetland areas, SRS needs a database of background geochemical and physical properties of wetland soils. These data are needed for comparison to data collected from wetland soils that may have been affected by SRS operations. SRS contains 36,000 acres of wetlands and an additional 5,000 acres of bottom land soils subject to flooding. Recent studies of wetland soils near various waste units at SRS show that some wetlands have been impacted by releases of contaminants resulting from SRS operations (WSRC, 1992). Waste waters originating from the operations facilities typically have been discharged into seepage basins located in upland soils, direct discharge of waste water to wetland areas has been minimal. This suggests that impacted wetland areas have been affected indirectly as a result of transport mechanisms such as surface runoff, groundwater seeps, fluvial or sediment transport, and leaching. Looney et al. (1990) conducted a study to characterize the geochemical and physical properties of upland soils and shallow sediments on the SRS. A primary objective of the upland study was to collect the data needed to assess the qualitative and quantitative impacts of SRS operations on the environment. By comparing the upland soils data to data collected from waste units located in similar soils, SRS impacts could be assessed. The data were also intended to aid in selection of remediation alternatives. Because waste units at SRS have historically been located in upland areas, wetland soils were not sampled. (Abstract Truncated
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