Создание износостойкого покрытия с использованием непрерывного и импульсного электронного луча

В настоящей работе представлены результаты исследования влияния импульсной электронной обработки и последующего отжига на структуру и твердость покрытий из хромо-ванадиевого чугуна. Покрытия были получены методом электронно-лучевой наплавки на подложке из малоуглеродистой стали. После шлифования поверхности покрытий были обработаны локальноимпульсным сфокусированным в точку электронным пучком. Результаты исследования показали, что модифицированные зоны состоят из двух фаз. Первая фаза - пересыщенный аустенит. Вторая локально распределенные в объеме модифицированной зоны зародыши эвтектики. Результаты измерений системой NanoTest показали, что модифицированные зоны имеют низкие значения твердости. Низкие значения твердости, вероятно, обусловлено наличием значительного объема пересыщенного аустенита в модифицированной зоне. Отжиг приводит к значительному увеличению твердости модифицированных зон. В результате отжига (500°С ) пересыщенный аустенит распадается. Повышение температуры отжига до 1100°С приводит к росту и коагуляции карбидной фазы модифицированных зон

Evidence Of Protein Collective Motions On The Picosecond Time Scale

We investigate the presence of structural collective motions on a picosecond time scale for the heme protein, cytochrome c, as a function of oxidation and hydration, using terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. The THz response dramatically increases with oxidation, with the largest increase for lowest hydrations and highest frequencies. For both oxidation states the THz response rapidly increases with hydration saturating above ~25% (g H2O/g protein). Quasi-harmonic vibrational modes and dipole-dipole correlation functions are calculated from molecular dynamics trajectories. The collective mode density of states alone reproduces the measured hydration dependence providing strong evidence of the existence of these motions. The large oxidation dependence is reproduced only by the dipole-dipole correlation function, indicating the contrast arises from diffusive motions consistent with structural changes occurring in the vicinity of a buried internal water molecule

Regulation of anaerobic methane oxidation in sediments of the Black Sea

International audienceAnaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction (SRR) were investigated in sediments of the western Black Sea, where methane transport is controlled by diffusion. To understand the regulation and dynamics of methane production and oxidation in the Black Sea, rates of methanogenesis, AOM, and SRR were determined using radiotracers in combination with pore water chemistry and stable isotopes. On the shelf of the Danube paleo-delta and the Dnjepr Canyon, AOM did not consume methane effectively and upwards diffusing methane created an extended sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) that spread over more than 2.5 m and was located in formerly limnic sediment. Measurable AOM rates occurred mainly in the lower part of the SMTZ, sometimes even at depths where sulfate seemed to be unavailable. The inefficiency of methane oxidation appears to be linked to the limnic history of the sediment, since in all cores methane was completely oxidized at the limnic-marine transition. The upward tailing of methane was less pronounced in a core from the deep sea in the area of the Dnjepr Canyon, the only station with a SMTZ close to the marine deposits. Sulfate reduction rates were mostly extremely low, and in the SMTZ were even lower than AOM rates. Rates of bicarbonate-based methanogenesis were below detection limit in two of the cores, but ?13C values of methane indicate a biogenic origin. The most depleted ?13C-signal was found in the SMTZ of the core from the deep sea, most likely as a result of carbon recycling between AOM and methanogenesis

Why is THz Sensitive to Protein Functional States? Oxidation State of Cytochrome C

Abstract: We investigate the presence of structural collective motions on a picosecond time scale for the heme protein, cytochrome c, as a function of oxidation and hydration, using terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Structural collective mode frequencies have been calculated to lie in this frequency range, and the density of states can be considered a measure of flexibility. A dramatic increase in the THz response occurs with oxidation, with the largest increase for lowest hydrations and highest frequencies. For both oxidation states the measured THz response rapidly increases with hydration saturating above ~25% (g H 2 O/g protein), in contrast to the rapid turn-on in dynamics observed at this hydration level for other proteins. Quasi-harmonic collective vibrational modes and dipole-dipole correlation functions are calculated from the molecular dynamics trajectories. The collective mode density of states alone reproduces the measured hydration dependence providing strong evidence of the existence of these collective motions. The large oxidation dependence is reproduced only by the dipole-dipole correlation function, indicating the contrast arises from diffusive motions consistent with structural changes occurring in the vicinity of a buried internal water molecule

Synthesis and SAR evaluation of coumarin derivatives as potent cannabinoid receptor agonists

We report the development and extensive structure-activity relationship evaluation of a series of modified coumarins as cannabinoid receptor ligands. In radioligand, and [S-35]GTP gamma S binding assays the CB receptor binding affinities and efficacies of the new ligands were determined. Furthermore, we used a ligand-based docking approach to validate the empirical observed results. In conclusion, several crucial structural requirements were identified. The most potent coumarins like 3-butyl-7-(1-butylcyclopentyl)-5-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one (36b, K-i CB2 13.7 nM, EC50 18 nM), 7-(1-butylcyclohexyl)-5-hydroxy-3-propyl-2H-chromen-2-one (39b, K-i CB2 6.5 nM, EC50 4.51 nM) showed a CB2 selective agonistic profile with low nanomolar affinities. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.Peer reviewe

Seasonal dynamics of the depth and rate of anaerobic oxidation of methane in Aarhus Bay (Denmark) sediments

A reactive-transport model has been applied to investigate the dynamics of the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) in nearshore sediments of Aarhus Bay (Denmark). The sediments are influenced by seasonal variations of temperature and particulate organic carbon (POC) deposition flux at the sediment-water interface. Initially, the model was calibrated at steady state using field data collected at two sites (M1 and M5) in December 2004, and included a dynamic gas phase which determines the depth of the SMTZ. Simulations were then performed under transient conditions of heat propagation in the porous medium, which influenced the solubility of gaseous methane, the diffusion of solutes as well as the kinetic and bioenergetic constraints on redox conditions in the system. Results revealed important variations in local rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) over a seasonal cycle due to temperature variation. Seasonal perturbations in POC depositional flux had no influence on AOM rates but did have a strong bearing on sulfate reduction rates in the surface layers of the simulations at both stations. At M5, where the SMTZ was located 63 cm below the sediment-water interface, depth integrated AOM rates varied between 76 and 178 nmol cm-2 d-1. At M1, where the deeper SMTZ (221 cm) experienced less thermal variation, AOM rates varied relatively less (20 to 24 nmol cm-2 d-1). Furthermore, local and depth-integrated AOM rates over the year did not show a simple response to bottom water temperature but exhibited a hysteresis-type behavior related to time lags in solute transport and heat propagation. Overall, the solute concentration profiles were not very sensitive to the seasonal variability in rates or gas transport and the modeled vertical displacement of the SMTZ was limited to <1 cm at M1 and 2–3 cm at M5. The results suggest that the significantly larger apparent displacement observed in the field from repeated coring (80 cm and 16 cm at M1 and M5, respectively) must be attributed to other factors, of which spatial heterogeneity in gas transport rate appears to be the most likely

The Relative Influence of Habitat Amount and Configuration on Genetic Structure Across Multiple Spatial Scales

Despite strong interest in understanding how habitat spatial structure shapes the genetics of populations, the relative importance of habitat amount and configuration for patterns of genetic differentiation remains largely unexplored in empirical systems. In this study, we evaluate the relative influence of, and interactions among, the amount of habitat and aspects of its spatial configuration on genetic differentiation in the pitcher plant midge, Metriocnemus knabi. Larvae of this species are found exclusively within the water-filled leaves of pitcher plants (Sarracenia purpurea) in a system that is naturally patchy at multiple spatial scales (i.e., leaf, plant, cluster, peatland). Using generalized linear mixed models and multimodel inference, we estimated effects of the amount of habitat, patch size, interpatch distance, and patch isolation, measured at different spatial scales, on genetic differentiation (F ST) among larval samples from leaves within plants, plants within clusters, and clusters within peatlands. Among leaves and plants, genetic differentiation appears to be driven by female oviposition behaviors and is influenced by habitat isolation at a broad (peatland) scale. Among clusters, gene flow is spatially restricted and aspects of both the amount of habitat and configuration at the focal scale are important, as is their interaction. Our results suggest that both habitat amount and configuration can be important determinants of genetic structure and that their relative influence is scale dependent

Fertility, Living Arrangements, Care and Mobility

There are four main interconnecting themes around which the contributions in this book are based. This introductory chapter aims to establish the broad context for the chapters that follow by discussing each of the themes. It does so by setting these themes within the overarching demographic challenge of the twenty-first century – demographic ageing. Each chapter is introduced in the context of the specific theme to which it primarily relates and there is a summary of the data sets used by the contributors to illustrate the wide range of cross-sectional and longitudinal data analysed