Is post-bleaching recovery of Acropora hyacinthus on Palau via spread of local kin groups?

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Cros, A., Toonen, R., & Karl, S. A. Is post-bleaching recovery of Acropora hyacinthus on Palau via spread of local kin groups? Coral Reefs, (2020), doi:10.1007/s00338-020-01961-3.Palau suffered massive mortality of reef corals during the 1998 mass bleaching, and understanding recovery from that catastrophic loss is critical to management for future impacts. Many reef species have shown significant genetic structure at small scales while apparently absent at large scales, a pattern often referred to as chaotic genetic patchiness. Here we use hierarchical sampling of population structure scored from a panel of microsatellite markers for the coral Acropora hyacinthus across the islands of Yap, Ngulu and Palau to evaluate hypotheses about the mechanisms of previously described chaotic genetic structure. As with previous studies, we find no isolation-by-distance within or between the three islands and high genetic structure between sites separated by as little as ~ 10 km on Palau. Using kinship among individual colonies, however, we find higher mean pairwise relatedness coefficients among individuals within sampling sites. Comparing population structure among hierarchical sampling scales, we show that the pattern of chaotic genetic patchiness reported previously appears to derive from genetic patches of local kin groups at small spatial scales. Genetic distinction of Palau from neighboring islands and high kinship among individuals within these kinship neighborhoods implies that the coral reefs of Palau apparently recovered through a mosaic of rare thermally tolerant colonies that survived the 1998 mass bleaching and are now spreading and recolonizing reefs as local kin groups. This pattern of recovery on Palau gives us a better understanding for effective coral reef conservation strategies in which protecting these rare survivors wherever they occur, rather than specific areas of reef habitat, is critical to increase coral reef resilience.This work was supported by the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund to A Cros and SA Karl; the Graduate Women in Science Adel Lewis Grant Fellowship; the Founder Region Fellowship; the Ecology Evolution Conservation Biology Watson T. Yoshimoto grant and the Colonel Willys E. Lord Scholarship Award to A Cros; and a National Science Foundation grant OCE 14-16889 to RJ Toonen

Radiation exposure in cardiac multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT)

Computed tomographic (CT) imaging involves exposure to ionizing radiation, with a consequent potential risk to the patient. Here we review the technical factors that affect the radiation dose in cardiac CT diagnostic procedures, the parameters that are used to measure and compare radiation doses, the magnitude of radiation exposure, and how to efficiently reduce it

Services and Interventions for People who are Homeless with Companion Animals (Pets)

Background: Many people who are homeless own a companion animal (a ‘pet’). Pet ownership has positive impacts on health and wellbeing. However, for people who are homeless, pet ownership also creates multiple challenges and may be a barrier to exiting homelessness. This systematic review will identify the types, and outcomes, of services and interventions to support people who are homeless with pets.  Methods/Design: This review will be conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Searches will be undertaken on five databases. Combinations of search terms and subject headings or index terms will be used. Citation chaining and citation tracking will also be undertaken. Literature will be screened for relevance in a two-step process. Each study will be quality assessed using an evidence-based tool relevant to its methods. Relevant data will be extracted and synthesised using a meta-analytic, or narrative, approach. Discussion: This review will address an identified gap in the knowledge about the types, and outcomes, of services/interventions for people who are homeless with pets. The results may increase recognition about the importance of protecting and promoting the relationship between people who are homeless and their pets, and inform future work

Three regularization models of the Navier-Stokes equations

We determine how the differences in the treatment of the subfilter-scale physics affect the properties of the flow for three closely related regularizations of Navier-Stokes. The consequences on the applicability of the regularizations as SGS models are also shown by examining their effects on superfilter-scale properties. Numerical solutions of the Clark-alpha model are compared to two previously employed regularizations, LANS-alpha and Leray-alpha (at Re ~ 3300, Taylor Re ~ 790) and to a DNS. We derive the Karman-Howarth equation for both the Clark-alpha and Leray-alpha models. We confirm one of two possible scalings resulting from this equation for Clark as well as its associated k^(-1) energy spectrum. At sub-filter scales, Clark-alpha possesses similar total dissipation and characteristic time to reach a statistical turbulent steady-state as Navier-Stokes, but exhibits greater intermittency. As a SGS model, Clark reproduces the energy spectrum and intermittency properties of the DNS. For the Leray model, increasing the filter width decreases the nonlinearity and the effective Re is substantially decreased. Even for the smallest value of alpha studied, Leray-alpha was inadequate as a SGS model. The LANS energy spectrum k^1, consistent with its so-called "rigid bodies," precludes a reproduction of the large-scale energy spectrum of the DNS at high Re while achieving a large reduction in resolution. However, that this same feature reduces its intermittency compared to Clark-alpha (which shares a similar Karman-Howarth equation). Clark is found to be the best approximation for reproducing the total dissipation rate and the energy spectrum at scales larger than alpha, whereas high-order intermittency properties for larger values of alpha are best reproduced by LANS-alpha.Comment: 21 pages, 8 figure

Boost-HiC: computational enhancement of long-range contacts in chromosomal contact maps

International audienceGenome-wide chromosomal contact maps are widely used to uncover the 3D organisation of genomes. They rely on the collection of millions of contacting pairs of genomic loci. Contact frequencies at short range are usually well measured in experiments, while there is a lot of missing information about long-range contacts. We propose to use the sparse information contained in raw contact maps to determine high-confidence contact frequency between all pairs of loci. Our algorithmic procedure, Boost-HiC, enables the detection of Hi-C patterns such as chromosomal compartments at a resolution that would be otherwise only attainable by sequencing a hundred times deeper the experimental Hi-C library

Population genetic structure between Yap and Palau for the coral Acropora hyacinthus

Information on connectivity is becoming increasingly in demand as marine protected areas are being designed as an integral part of a network to protect marine resources at the ecosystem level. Larval dispersal and population structure, however, remain very difficult to assess. Here, we tested the predictions of a detailed oceanographic connectivity model of larval dispersal and coral recruitment within Palau and between Palau and Yap, which was developed to support the review of the existing network of marine protected areas in Palau. We used high throughput microsatellite genotyping of the coral Acropora hyacinthus to characterize population genetic structure. Pairwise F ′ ST values between Palau and Yap (0.10), Palau and Ngulu (0.09) and Yap and Ngulu (0.09) were all significant and similar to pairwise F ′ ST values of sites within Palau (0.02–0.12) and within Yap (0.02–0.09) highlighting structure at island scale and indicating that recruitment may be even more localized than previously anticipated. A bottleneck test did not reveal any signs of a founder effect between Yap and Palau. Overall, the data supports the idea that recovery of A. hyacinthus in Palau did not come exclusively from a single source but most likely came from a combination of areas, including sites within Palau. In light of these results there seems to be very little connectivity around the barrier reef and management recommendation would be to increase the number or the size of MPAs within Palau