Supporting women farmers in a changing climate: five policy lessons

Policies, institutions and services to help farmers develop new approaches to deal with climate change will need to produce results for women farmers as well as men. This brief provides five policy lessons to support this process, based on evidence from research in low- and middle- income countries and offers guidelines for crafting gender-responsive climate policies at global and national levels. This research was presented in March 2015 at a seminar in Paris on ‘Closing the gender gap in farming under climate change’, co-organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), the International Social Science Council (ISSC) and Future Earth

Apoyo a las mujeres agricultoras en un clima cambiante: cinco lecciones de políticas

Recientes investigaciones presentadas en un seminario en París, coorganizado por el Programa de Investigación de CGIAR en Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria (CCAFS), el Consejo Internacional de Ciencias Sociales (CICS) y Future Earth, dieron lugar a cinco recomendaciones de políticas clave para apoyar a las mujeres agricultoras en un clima cambiante. Los conocimientos y competencias técnicas únicos de las mujeres en materia de gestión ambiental pueden contribuir a hallar soluciones innovadoras que hagan frente a los problemas causados por el cambio climático. English version: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/68533/CCAFS%20PB10.pdf?sequence=

Aider les femmes agricultrices à vivre le changement climatique: cinq recommandations politique

Une recherche récente présentée lors d’une conférence à Paris co-organisée par le programme de recherche du CGIAR sur le changement climatique, l’agriculture et la sécurité alimentaire (CCAFS), le Conseil international des sciences sociales (CISS) et Future Earth a produit cinq recommandations politiques essentielles pour aider les femmes agricultrices à vivre le changement climatique. L’expertise unique des femmes concernant la gestion environnementale peut contribuer au développement des solutions innovantes pour répondre à l’urgence climatique. English version: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/68533/CCAFS%20PB10.pdf?sequence=

In vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy of the skin: Noninvasive determination of molecular concentration profiles

Confocal Raman spectroscopy is introduced as a noninvasive in vivo optical method to measure molecular concentration profiles in the skin. It is shown how it can be applied to determine the water concentration in the stratum corneum as a function of distance to the skin surface, with a depth resolution of 5 mum. The resulting in vivo concentration profiles are in qualitative and quantitative agreement with published data, obtained by in vitro X-ray microanalysis of skin samples. Semi-quantitative concentration profiles were determined for the major constituents of natural moisturizing factor (serine, glycine, pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, arginine, ornithine, citrulline, alanine, histidine, urocanic acid) and for the sweat constituents lactate and urea. A detailed description is given of the signal analysis methodology that enables the extraction of this information from the skin Raman spectra. No other noninvasive in vivo method exists that enables an analysis of skin molecular composition as a function of distance to the skin surface with similar detail and spatial resolution. Therefore, it may be expected that in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy will find many applications in basic and applied dermatologic research

Terahertz modulation of the Faraday rotation by laser pulses via the optical Kerr effect

The magneto-optical Faraday effect played a crucial role in the elucidation of the electromagnetic nature of light. Today it is powerful means to probe magnetism and the basic operational principle of magneto-optical modulators. Understanding the mechanisms allowing for modulation of the magneto-optical response at terahertz frequencies may have far-reaching consequences for photonics, ultrafast optomagnetism and magnonics, as well as for future development of ultrafast Faraday modulators. Here we suggest a conceptually new approach for an ultrafast tunable magneto-optical modulation with the help of counter-propagating laser pulses. Using terbium gallium garnet (Tb3Ga5O12) we demonstrate the feasibility of such magneto-optical modulation with a frequency up to 1.1 THz, which is continuously tunable by means of an external magnetic field. Besides the novel concept for ultrafast magneto-optical polarization modulation, our findings reveal the importance of accounting for propagation effects in the interpretation of pump–probe magneto-optical experiments

ELECTRONIC RAMAN EFFECT OF TRIVALENT RARE EARTH IONS IN GARNET HOST LATTICES

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Carleton UniversityWe wish to report on the observation and interpretation of some electronic Raman transitions between Stark levels of the split J manifolds of Eu:YGaG and Nd:YGaG. The transitions were studied at $300^{\circ} K$ and $77^{\circ} K$. The detection of the weak spectra was accomplished with a 9558 B photomultiplier, followed by an electronic amplification system proposed by Pao and $Griffith^{1}$. The experimental data suggest (I) a lowering in the site symmetry of the rare earth ions to $D_{2}$ if compared with the $D_{2b}$ site symmetry of the Yttrium ion of YGaG and (II) the intensity of the electronic Raman transitions is down by a factor of $10^{-2}$ if compared with the intensity of some strong fluorescence lines of the ions. $^{1}$ Yoh-Han Pao and J. E. Griffith, Abstracts 8th European Congress on Mol. Spectroscopy, Copenhagen, 1965

Aspects of Light Scattering in Clay Minerals

Contract No.: 07SU31155-9-4407prepared for National Research Council Canadapr\ue9par\ue9 pour le Conseil national de recherches CanadaPeer reviewed: NoNRC publication: Ye