Aspectos da irrigação do nó atrioventricular e tronco do fascículo atrioventricular em bovinos mestiços Girolando

Aspects of blood supply of the atriumventricular node and trunk of the atriumventricular fascicle, components of the cardiac conducting system were studied. Thirty female hearts of Girolando crossbred bovines, with ages varying between 36 and 48 month-old were utilized. They were dissecated, intervening previous injection of the right and left coronary arteries with coloured solution of Neoprene latex 450, and posterior fixation in aqueous solution of 15.00% formaldehyde, by immersion. The atriumventicular node was irrigated, isolatedly or in association, by the first septal branch of interventricular paraconal branch (3.33%), distal branch of the left atrium (6.66%), septal branch of the right coronary artery (46.66%), proximal branch of the right atrium (76.66%) and by the right ventricular branch. (76.66%). The trunk of atriumventricular fascicle was irrigated, isolatedly or in association, by the first septal branch of interventricular paraconal branch (3.33%), right ventricular branch (60.00%), proximal branch of the right atrium (60.00%) and more often by the septal branch of the right coronary artery (70.00%). Arterial anastomoses were present in 76.66% of the sample, and commonly they formed circuits around the margins of the cardiac conducting system.Estudaram-se aspectos da irrigação do nó atrioventricular e tronco do fascículo atrioventricular, componentes do sistema de condução do coração. Para tanto, utilizaram-se trinta corações de bovinos fêmeas, mestiças Girolando, com idade entre 36 e 48 meses. Os mesmos foram dissecados, após prévia injeção das artérias coronárias direita e esquerda, com solução corada de Neoprene látex 450, seguida pela fixação dos corações em solução aquosa de formol a 15,00%, pelo método de imersão. O nó atrioventricular foi irrigado, isoladamente ou em associação, pelo primeiro ramo septal do ramo interventricular paraconal (3,33%), ramo distal do átrio esquerdo (6,66%), ramo septal da artéria coronária direita (46,66%), ramo proximal do átrio direito (76,66%) e ramo ventricular direito (76,66%). O tronco do fascículo atrioventricular foi irrigado, isoladamente ou em associação, pelo primeiro ramo septal do ramo interventricular paraconal (3,33%), ramo ventricular direito (60,00%), ramo proximal do átrio direito (60,00%), e com maior freqüência pelo ramo septal da artéria coronária direita (70,00%). As anastomoses arteriais estiveram presentes em 76,66% dos casos e geralmente formaram circuitos junto às margens do sistema de condução cardíaco

Plant compounds insecticide activity against Coleoptera pests of stored products

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar plantas com atividade inseticida, para isolar, identificar e avaliar a bioatividade de compostos inseticidas presentes nessas plantas, contra as seguintes pragas de produtos armazenados da ordem Coleoptera: Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Curculionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Bostrichidae) e Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Silvanidae). As espécies de plantas usadas foram: anis (Ocimum selloi Benth), arruda (Ruta graveolens L.), cordão-de-frade (Leonotis nepetifolia L.), datura (Datura stramonium L.), erva baleeira (Cordia verbenacea L.), hortelã (Mentha piperita L.), melão-de-são-caetano (Mormodica charantia L.) e mentrasto (Ageratum conyzoides L.). Avaliou-se a toxicidade dos extratos hexânico e etanólico dessas plantas sobre R. dominica. Somente o extrato hexânico de A. conyzoides apresentou atividade inseticida. O extrato hexânico desta planta foi fracionado, sucessivamente, por cromatografia de coluna de sílica gel, para isolamento e purificação dos compostos ativos. Os compostos 5,6,7,8,3',4',5'-heptametoxiflavona; 5,6,7,8,3'-pentametoxi-4',5'-metilenodioxiflavona e cumarina foram identificados. Entretanto, somente a cumarina apresentou atividade inseticida às três espécies de insetos (DL50 de 2,72 a 39,71 mg g-1 de i.a.). A ordem crescente de suscetibilidade à cumarina foi R. dominica, S. zeamais e O. surinamensis.The objective of this work was to screen plants with insecticide activity, in order to isolate, identify and assess the bioactivity of insecticide compounds present in these plants, against Coleoptera pests of stored products: Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Silvanidae), Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Curculionidae). The plant species used were: basil (Ocimum selloi Benth.), rue (Ruta graveolens L.), lion's ear (Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br.), jimson weed (Datura stramonium L.), baleeira herb (Cordia verbenacea L.), mint (Mentha piperita L.), wild balsam apple (Mormodica charantia L.), and billy goat weed or mentrasto (Ageratum conyzoides L.). The insecticide activity of hexane and ethanol extracts from those plants on R. dominica was evaluated. Among them, only hexane extract of A. conyzoides showed insecticide activity; the hexane extract of this species was successively fractionated by silica gel column chromatography, for isolation and purification of the active compounds. Compounds 5,6,7,8,3',4',5'-heptamethoxyflavone; 5,6,7,8,3'-pentamethoxy-4',5'-methilenedioxyflavone and coumarin were identified. However, only coumarin showed insecticide activity against three insect pests (LD50 from 2.72 to 39.71 mg g-1 a.i.). The increasing order of insects susceptibility to coumarin was R. dominica, S. zeamais and O. surinamensis

EFFECT OF MIXED ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, LEAF MACRONUTRIENT CONTENTS AND YIELD OF PITAYA [(HYLOCEREUS UNDATUS) UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the pitaya’s Hylocereus undatus performance under field conditions. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD). Five treatments consisting of the four different fertilizer dosages were included in this study, namely T1 (00-120-320-120); T2 (04-080-160-080); T3 (06-060-100-060); T4 (08-000-000-000) and T5 (Control:  00-000-000-000) of bovine manure (kg pit-1), urea (g pit-1), super simple (g pit-1) and potassium chloride (g pit-1), respectively. Parameters such as height, number, length, width, area, and volume of the cladodes were assessed at 20 and 320 days after planting. The number of fruits produced and mineral composition (N, K, Ca, Mg, P, and S) of H. undatus plants were also assessed. The results on morphometric characteristics of the cladodes, macronutrient composition, and fruit yield have been recorded with higher values in treatments 3 and 4. However, according to the principal component analysis performed, treatment 3 was the one that correlated with the evaluated characteristics. The results have indicated clearly the importance of combination of adequate dose of mineral and organic fertilizer for better vegetative performance and yield of pitaya crop

A BUSCA DE UMA TECNOLOGIA DE GESTÃO PROLETÁRIA: UMA ANÁLISE SOB A ÓTICA DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO POLÍTICA

A Administração, enquanto campo do conhecimento, até o início do século XX, foi relegada a uma posição subalterna à sombra das engenharias. Talvez, como consequência, sua sistematização enquanto campo do conhecimento viria a ser iniciada por um engenheiro: Frederick Winslow Taylor. O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar a apropriação da tecnologia taylorista, notadamente capitalista, pelo Estado socialista russo capitaneado por Lênin e, deste modo, tentar perceber a Administração Política diante da tecnologia e de uma série de questões contemporâneas, como, por exemplo, a neutralidade tecnológica. Faz-se uso de uma metodologia de análise bibliográfica. Conclui-se que a gestão das relações sociais em solo soviético, ou seja, a Administração Política praticada por Lênin, tomou como verdade (equivocadamente) os aspectos da  neutralidade tecnológica.Palavras-chave: Administração Política; Taylorismo; Estado; Lênin; Tecnologia

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Climatic mediators of performance and spatial distribution of T. absoluta

Entre os principais fatores determinantes do ataque de inseto-praga aos cultivos estão a temperatura do ar e as chuvas. Já o conhecimento do padrão da distribuição espacial das pragas possibilita o planejamento de táticas de controle, geração de planos de amostragens eficientes e pode auxiliar na previsão de seus danos. Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) constitui a praga mais importante do tomateiro em muitas regiões do planeta. Assim com esta pesquisa objetivou-se determinar as exigências térmicas e o efeito da chuva sobre T. absoluta e a distribuição espacial deste inseto em cultivos de tomate. A faixa de temperatura de desenvolvimento e reprodução de T. absoluta foi entre 14 a 35 oC. A faixa ótima de temperatura desta espécie foi entre 26 a 30 oC. A chuva afetou negativamente T. absoluta, sendo que chuvas menores que 10 mm por mês já reduziram a sobrevivência deste inseto a zero. A oviposição de Tuta absoluta nas lavouras de tomate foi agregada. A densidade de ovos de T. absoluta foi maior nas bordas dos cultivos, sobretudo quando foi mais intenso o ataque deste inseto. A dispersão dos ovos de T. absoluta foi maior o longo das fileiras do que entre estas.The air temperature and rain are among the main determinant factors of attacks of insect pest on crops. Whereas, the knowledge about the spatial distribution pattern enables the planning of pests control tactics, development of efficient sampling plans and it can help to predict their damage. Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is the most important tomato's pest in several regions around the world. Therefore, the purpose of this research was determinate the thermal requirements and the rain effect on T. absoluta and its spatial distribution in tomato crops. The development and reproduction temperature range was between 14 and 35 oC. The optimal temperature range for this specie was between 26 and 30 oC. The rain affected negatively T. absoluta, whereas rains less than 10 mm per month have already reduced this insect survival to zero. The oviposition of T. absoluta in tomato crops was aggregated. The eggs density of T. absoluta is higher at the edges of the crops, especially when its attack was more intense. The eggs dispersal of T. absoluta was higher along the rows than between them.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Seasonal variation of Triozoida limbata (Hemiptera: Triozidae) and natural enemies in guava plants

Triozoida limbata é considerada uma das mais importantes pragas da goiabeira. Suas ninfas atacam as folhas de brotações novas, causando sérios danos. Para desenvolvimento de programas de manejo integrado dessa praga são necessários estudos básicos de dinâmica populacional e determinação de fatores que regulam o seu crescimento populacional. Entre os fatores mais importantes que afetam a intensidade de ataque dos insetos-praga estão os agentes de controle biológico natural e os elementos climáticos. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a flutuação populacional de T. limbata e determinar a relação entre a ocorrência de T. limbata com os inimigos naturais e os elementos climáticos. O trabalho foi realizado em pomar comercial de goiabeira, localizado em Paula Cândido, MG de julho de 2005 a agosto de 2007. Foram avaliadas, semanalmente, as densidades populacionais de T. limbata, de predadores, parasitóides e a taxa de parasitismo de ninfas. Dados climáticos também foram coletados diariamente. Correlações entre as densidades de T. limbata com as densidades populacionais dos inimigos naturais e os dados dos elementos climáticos foram realizadas para determinação da relação entre estes fatores. T. limbata atacou a cultura da goiabeira durante o ano inteiro, sendo que na maior parte do tempo este inseto atingiu o status de praga. A sazonalidade do ataque de T. limbata à goiabeira esteve associada a variações nos elementos climáticos e nas densidades de predadores e de parasitóide. Os picos populacionais de ovos, ninfas e adultos ocorreram nos meses de agosto a dezembro, julho a novembro e agosto a novembro, respectivamente. A maior intensidade de ataque de T. limbata à goiabeira ocorreu em períodos de temperaturas amenas (18 a 20 ºC) e menor fotoperíodo (10 a 11 horas de luz). Os inimigos naturais que exerceram controle sobre T. limbata foram os predadores Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Acanthinus sp. (Coleoptera: Anthicidae), Discodon sp. (Coleoptera: Cantaridae), Hymenoptera: Vespidae e o parasitóide de ninfas Psyllaephagus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Mediante aos resultados encontrados neste trabalho, os estudos futuros visando a determinação de estratégias e táticas de manejo de T. limbata devem levar em consideração a sua época de ocorrência e os fatores relacionados com as variações sazonais de suas populações, como os elementos climáticos e os inimigos naturais.Triozoida limbata is one of the most important pests of guava plants. Their nymphs attack young leaves and buds, causing serious damages. Basic studies of population dynamics and determination of factors that regulate the population growth are necessary for the development of integrated programs management of this pest. Agents of natural biological control and the climatic elements are among the factors that more affected the attack intensity of insects-pest. Objective this work was assessed T. limbata population fluctuation and determines the relationship among its occurrence with natural enemies and climatic elements. This research was carried out in a commercial orchard of guava, located in Paula Cândido, Minas Gerais state, from julho/2005 to agosto/2007. Population densities of T. limbata, predators, parasitoids and parasitism rates of nymphs were assessed weekly. Climatic data were also collected daily. Correlations were accomplished among T. limbata densities with the natural enemies population densities and with data climatic elements for determine the relationship among these factors. T. limbata was verified guava plants groves to year, and in most of the time this insect reached the pest status. Seasonality of T. limbata attack to guava plants was associated to variations of climatic elements and predators and parasitoids densities. Populational peaks of eggs, nymphs and adults occurred from August to December, from July to November and from August to November, respectively. The largest intensity of T. limbata attack to guava plants occurred in periods of cool temperatures (18 to 20 ºC) and shorter photoperiod (10 at 11 hours of light). Natural enemies that controlled T. limbata were the predators Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Acanthinus sp. (Coleoptera: Anthicidae), Discodon sp. (Coleoptera: Cantaridae), Hymenoptera: Vespidae and the parasitoid of nymphs Psyllaephagus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Results found in this work, the future studies aiming the determination of strategies and tactics management of T. limbata should consider its occurrence time and factors related with the seasonal variations of their populations, like the climatic elements and the natural enemies.Faculdade Univérti

Seasonal variation in natural mortality factors of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in open-­ ield tomato cultivation

The seasonal variation in natural mortality of phytophagous insects is determined by the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors in agroecosystems. Knowledge regarding these factors throughout the year represents a key concern for IPM programmes. Seasonal population fluctuations of tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, led to an investigation of its natural mortality factors during the rainy season when the population level is low and during the dry season when population peaks occur. The aim of this study was to verify the seasonal variation in T. absoluta mortality factors in tomato crops. Immature stages of T. absoluta were obtained from laboratory rearing in the laboratory. These were taken to the field and monitored over two years. The mortality causes for each stage of insect development from egg to adult were assessed daily. Multiple biotic and abiotic mortality factors affected the immature T. absoluta stages such as rainfall, physiological disturbances, diseases, parasitoids and predators. The key T. absoluta mortality factor during summer–spring was predation. In addition, larvae predation correlated positively with temperature, wind velocity, photoperiod and rainfall. Nevertheless, during winter–fall, the key mortality factor was parasitism. Therefore, the critical stage for mortality was 3rd-­and 4thinstar larvae, being more vulnerable to natural control factors. Finally, the results showed the importance of vertical and horizontal action on natural mortality factors

Insecticide selectivity and behavioral response of the earwig Doru luteipes

Insecticide lethal and sub-lethal effects on non-target species are a focus in pest management programs. However, such studies are usually centered in relatively few groups of natural enemies of insect pests. Earwigs, although insect pest predators of key importance in Neotropical maize fields, have received very little attention. The earwig Doru luteipes (Sccuder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) is one of the main predators of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Both species were subjected to toxicity and selectivity studies with the insecticides chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, λ-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, etofenprox, methomyl and spinosad. The behavioral locomotory response of D. luteipes to these compounds was also assessed. Concentration-response bioassays indicated very low potency of chlorantraniliprole (>550,000× less toxic), followed by spinosad (>3,500× less toxic) and etofenprox (>1,100× less toxic) as compared to chlorpyrifos, the most toxic insecticide studied against this earwig species. These same three compounds exhibited the highest selectivity when comparing the earwig with its prey, the fall armyworm. Time-response bioassays using the insecticide label rates recommended against the fall armyworm confirmed the high selectivity of chlorantraniliprole and etofenprox, in addition to deltamethrin and methomyl. Again chlorpyrifos exhibited the lowest levels of selectivity. Exposure of the earwig to insecticide-treated surfaces indicated that spinosad reduced the locomotory activity of the adults probably increasing their insecticide exposure, while they avoided chlorfenapyr-, etofenprox-, and chlorpyrifos-treated surfaces. Chlorantraniliprole and etofenprox seem the most promising compounds for use against S. frugiperda whilst preserving populations of D. luteipes