POINT TO POINT: AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR EXTRACTING “HOMOLOGOUS POINTS” IN BATHYMETRIC DATA COLLECTED WITH A MULTIBEAM SYSTEM

Due to waterway transport efficiency, mainly for commercial trades, the use of sea/river routes has grown recently. So, the importance of producing high quality nautical charts stands out. A nautical chart is the hydrographic survey final product and its accuracy depends on data quality collected, primarily of the vertical quality (depth). In this sense, despite the theoretical and practical difficulty in obtaining homologous points in hydrographic surveys, even when performing check lines, bathymetric data must always be delivered with a statistically proven confidence level. Thus, this study has two main objectives: i) to propose a method, called Point to Point (P2P), for obtaining “homologous points” for hydrographic surveys carried out with multibeam systems, without resorting to mathematical and/or statistical interpolations, called Point to Point (P2P); ii) to quantify the magnitude of the difference between the statistical evaluation using check lines (CL) and by overlapping successive sounding lines (SL), applying the P2P method. The results showed that P2P is easy to application, provide low computation effort, is robust and consistent. Besides that, was possible to applied successive regular lines to get a validation of the hydrographic survey

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

Tratamento da endometriose Treatment of endometriosis

Apesar da grande heterogeneidade das manifestações clínicas relacionadas à endometriose, observa-se a sua elevada prevalência em mulheres inférteis e portadoras de dor pélvica crônica. O impacto sócio-econômico desta afecção enigmática é elevado e os dados relacionados à eficácia das diferentes abordagens terapêuticas descritas são bastante conflitantes. Assim, os objetivos do presente artigo são apresentar as evidências científicas disponíveis acerca das diferentes modalidades terapêuticas aplicáveis e estabelecer recomendações para o tratamento da infertilidade e da dor pélvica crônica relacionadas à endometriose. Em pacientes com endometriose mínima ou leve a supressão da função ovariana não é efetiva para melhorar a fertilidade, mas a ablação das lesões associadas à adesiólise parece ser mais efetiva do que a realização exclusiva da laparoscopia diagnóstica. Não há evidências suficientes para determinar se a excisão cirúrgica em casos de doença moderada ou severa melhoraria as taxas de gestação. A fertilização in vitro parece ser uma abordagem adequada, especialmente nos casos de coexistência de fatores de infertilidade e/ou falha de outras abordagens terapêuticas. Deve-se avaliar a possibilidade de usar agonistas do GnRH por 3 a 6 meses, previamente à realização de fertilização in vitro. Em relação ao alívio da dor, verifica-se que a supressão da função ovariana por 3 a 6 meses em pacientes com doença confirmada laparoscopicamente reduz a dor associada à endometriose. Todas as medicações estudadas parecem apresentar eficácia similar, embora os efeitos adversos e de os custos sejam diferentes. A ablação das lesões endometrióticas reduz a dor associada à endometriose, sendo menos efetiva nos casos de doença mínima. A exérese de endometriomas com diâmetro > 4 cm parece melhorar a taxa de fecundidade natural e após procedimentos de reprodução assistida, além de reduzir a dor e os riscos de recidiva. Por fim, é importante ressaltar que há muita controvérsia e que as recomendações acima descritas deverão ser revistas à medida que estudos clínicos randomizados, controlados e com casuística adequada gerarem evidências mais concretas e confiáveis.<br>Despite a wide heterogeneity of clinical manifestations related to endometriosis, a high prevalence of the disease is observed in infertile women and in those with chronic pelvic pain. This enigmatic condition has a high socioeconomic impact, and the described data regarding efficacy of the therapeutic approaches are quite conflicting. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to describe the available scientific evidence about the applicable therapeutic modalities and to provide recommendations for the treatment of infertility and the chronic pelvic pain related to endometriosis. Although suppression of ovarian function in patients with minimal or mild endometriosis is not effective in improving fertility, ablation of the lesions associated with adhesiolysis seems to be more effective than exclusive diagnostic laparoscopy. There is no sufficient evidence to determine whether surgical excision in cases of moderate or severe disease would improve the pregnancy rates. In vitro fertilization seems to be an adequate approach, especially in cases of coexistence of infertility factors and/or failure of other treatments. The possibility of using GnRH for 3 to 6 months before in vitro fertilization should be considered. Regarding pain relief, suppression of ovarian function for 3 to 6 months in patients with laparoscopically-confirmed disease reduces the pain associated with endometriosis. All studied medication seem to have similar efficacy, differing only in terms of adverse effects and costs. Ablation of endometriotic lesion reduces the pain associated with endometriosis, being less effective in cases of minimal disease. Exeresis of endometriomas with diameter > 4 cm seems to improve the rate of natural fecundity and the rate for ??? obtained after assisted reproduction procedures, in addition to reducing both pain and recurrence risk. Finally, it is important to emphasize that this subject is much controversial and the recommendations herein described should be revised as randomized controlled clinical trials with adequate casuistic generate more concrete and reliable evidence

Design and Implementation of a Professional Master’s Program linked to the Medical Residency: the experience of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo

A prática assistencial em saúde apresenta desafios crescentes, exigindo do médico o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências diversificadas que facilitem a sua atuação qualificada. A reflexão crítica e a autonomia no gerenciamento da prática profissional exigem do médico domínio de fundamentos de metodologia científica, o que nem sempre é contemplado nas matrizes curriculares dos programas de residência médica, por seu caráter de treinamento em serviço. Visando suprir essa lacuna na formação médica, foi instituído, na Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), um programa de pós-graduação stricto senso (mestrado profissional) vinculado a programas de pós-graduação lato sensu (residência médica e estágios de complementação especializada) do Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP. Este relato de experiência destina-se à apresentação do racional e dos processos para a implantação do Programa de Pós-Graduação “Mestrado Profissional em Medicina” da FMRP-USP, bem como seus objetivos, público-alvo e perfil do egresso. Espera-se que este relato contribua para a reflexão a respeito dos diferentes componentes e da complexidade da formação médica.The health care practice presents growing challenges, requiring physicians to develop various skills and competencies that facilitate their qualified performance. Critical reflection and autonomy in the management of professional practice require the physician to master the fundamentals of scientific methodology, which is not always included in the curriculum of medical residency programs due to its in-service training nature. Aiming to fill this gap in medical education, a graduate program (professional master’s degree) was established at the Ribeirão Preto Medical School at the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP). This experience report is intended to present the rationale and processes for implementing the Graduate Program “Professional Master in Medicine” at the FMRP-USP, in additionto its objectives, target audience, and graduate profile. It is expected that this report will contribute to a reflection on the different components and complexity of medical training