Radiated energy from the mid Niigata, Japan, earthquake of October 23, 2004, and its aftershocks

The Mid Niigata earthquake of October 23, 2004, is a shallow reverse-faulting event with M-w = 6.6. We analyze transverse component accelerograms of the main shock and four aftershocks (M-w = 4.0 similar to 5.5) recorded at 29 strong motion observation stations. The epicenters of the four aftershocks are located within 5 km from that of the main shock. The stations are well distributed around the epicenters and their epicentral distances are between 15 and 60 km. We calculate spectral ratio between records of the main shock and each of the aftershocks in order to obtain source spectral ratio by empirically removing the effects of wave propagation path and surface layers at the stations. Thus obtained source spectral ratio is inconsistent with that expected from the self-similar omega-square model. Fitting omega-square source spectral ratio with variable corner frequency to the observed spectral ratio, radiated energy and corner frequency are estimated. Radiated energy from the main shock is 3.2 x 10(14) J. Although energy-to-moment ratios for the main shock and the aftershocks are all distributed within a narrow range from 8 x 10(-6) to 4 x 10(-5), they definitely increase with the event size. This scale dependence is quite similar to that obtained previously for strike-slip events in Japan. The relationship between the seismic moment, M-0, and the corner frequency, f(0), is M-0 proportional to f(0) (-3.3 +/- 0.2). These results suggest a break in self-similarity.ArticleGEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS. 32(21): L21313 (2005)journal articl

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Deregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) expression and lymph node metastasis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Lymph node metastasis is a critical event in the progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). The identification of biomarkers associated with the metastatic process would provide critical prognostic information to facilitate clinical decision making. Previous studies showed that deregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) expression is a frequent event in TSCC and may be associated with enhanced cell invasion. The purpose of this study is to further evaluate whether the expression level of SOD2 is correlated with the metastatic status in TSCC patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We first examined the SOD2 expression at mRNA level on 53 TSCC and 22 normal control samples based on pooled-analysis of existing microarray datasets. To confirm our observations, we examined the expression of SOD2 at protein level on an additional TSCC patient cohort (n = 100), as well as 31 premalignant dysplasias, 15 normal tongue mucosa, and 32 lymph node metastatic diseases by immunohistochemistry (IHC).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The SOD2 mRNA level in primary TSCC tissue is reversely correlated with lymph node metastasis in the first TSCC patient cohort. The SOD2 protein level in primary TSCC tissue is also reversely correlated with lymph node metastasis in the second TSCC patient cohort. Deregulation of SOD2 expression is a common event in TSCC and appears to be associated with disease progression. Statistical analysis revealed that the reduced SOD2 expression in primary tumor tissue is associated with lymph node metastasis in both TSCC patient cohorts examined.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our study suggested that the deregulation of SOD2 in TSCC has potential predictive values for lymph node metastasis, and may serve as a therapeutic target for patients at risk of metastasis.</p

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]