Calibration of Photomultiplier Tubes for the Fluorescence Detector of Telescope Array Experiment using a Rayleigh Scattered Laser Beam

We performed photometric calibration of the PhotoMultiplier Tube (PMT) and readout electronics used for the new fluorescence detectors of the Telescope Array (TA) experiment using Rayleigh scattered photons from a pulsed nitrogen laser beam. The experimental setup, measurement procedure, and results of calibration are described. The total systematic uncertainty of the calibration is estimated to be 7.2%. An additional uncertainty of 3.7% is introduced by the transport of the calibrated PMTs from the laboratory to the TA experimental site.Comment: 43 pages, 15 figure

Cavity Ring-Down Optical Extinction Measurements of Atmospheric Molecules

Ubachs, W.M.G. [Promotor]Linnartz, H.V.J. [Promotor

Deep-UV absorption and Rayleigh scattering of carbon dioxide

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy and pressure ramp measurements have been used to determine the extinction coefficients of CO2 in the deep-ultraviolet wavelength region, between 198 and 270 nm. The observed optical extinction confirms that there is a clear absorption onset of CO2 in the deep-UV wavelength region. This onset has been reported previously around 205 nm. The new set of measurements presented here shows that the onset actually starts at higher energy, around 202 nm. For longer wavelengths it is found that the optical extinction demonstrates a 1/lambda(4) like behavior, as typical for Rayleigh scattering. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Deep-UV Rayleigh scattering of N2, CH4 and SF6

Rayleigh scattering room temperature cross-section values of N2, CH4 and SF6 have been obtained between 198 and 270 nm by combining cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and pressure ramp measurements. The experimental data have been fitted to a functional representation, describing the 1/4 like behaviour of the Rayleigh scattering cross section over a wide wavelength range. The resulting values are compared with numerical predictions, based on refractive indices and molecular anisotropy data available in the literature. From this, values of molecular volume polarizability vol and depolarization ratios are derived. It is found that the optical extinction for all three gases is governed by Rayleigh scattering for wavelengths down to 200 nm. No absorption onsets in the specified deep-UV region have been observed

Rotational analysis of the A(2)Sigma(+)((nu=1,2))-X-2 Pi((nu=0)) electronic bands of (NO)-N-15-O-18

Deep-UV spectra of (NO)-N-15-O-18 have been recorded using cavity ring-down spectroscopy in the 205-216 nm egion. The rotationally resolved spectra have been assigned for a first time as originating from the nu '' = 0 X-2 Pi(r) states toward nu' = 1 and 2 vibrationally excited levels in the upper A(2)Sigma(+) state. Nearly 400 individual line positions have been identified and included in a fit using an effective Hamiltonian method. Accurate ground state values as available from literature were used to derive rovibronic parameters for the A(2)Sigma(+)((nu=1)) and A(2)E((nu=2))(+) levels. This results in the following values: T-1 = 46427.21(2) cm(-1), B-1 = 1.79635(7) cm(-1), D-1 = 4.14(6) x 10(-6) cm(-1) and T-2 = 48636.04(2) cm(-1), B-2 = 1.78055(18) cm(-1), D-2 = 5.8(3) x 10(-6) cm(-1). (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Temperature-dependent cross sections of O-2-O-2 collision-induced absorption resonances at 477 and 577 nm

Two collision-induced absorption features of oxygen have been investigated by means of the laser-based cavity ring-down technique at pressures between 0 and 1000 hPa and at temperatures in the range 184-294 K. Peak cross sections, resonance widths and integrated cross sections, as well as spectral profiles, have been determined for the broad

Nanoparticle detection limits of TNO’s Rapid Nano: modeling and experimental results

TNO has developed the Rapid Nano scanner to detect nanoparticles on EUVL mask blanks. This scanner was designed to be used in particle qualifications of EUV reticle handling equipment. In this paper we present an end-to-end model of the Rapid Nano detection process. All important design parameters concerning illumination, detection and noise are included in the model. The prediction from the model matches the performance that was experimentally determined (59 nm LSE). The model will be used to design and predict the performance of future generations of particle scanners