Development of cognitive abilities of younger schoolchildren in training mathematics

The article is devoted to the problem of the development of cognitive abilities of students in the development of mathematics in primary school. Mathematics is a subject in the study of which children often experience difficulties associated with their low level of development of cognitive abilities. Cognitive abilities are considered in the article as individual psychological characteristics of the processes of attention, perception, memory, thinking that distinguish one person from another and are manifested in a successful knowledge of the world. To solve the problem of developing cognitive abilities of younger schoolchildren, it is proposed to build the process of teaching mathematics based on a cognitive-visual approach, the main tools of which are visualized tasks and verbal-graphic systematizers. The main purpose of visualized tasks is to develop the ability to “think about the word” and “peer into the image”, to ensure the implementation of visual translation based on the establishment of links between text, drawing and formula. Various types of verbal-graphic systematizers (tables, matrices, supporting abstracts, concept cards, flowcharts, intelligence cards, diagrams, charts, etc.) suggest the use of spatial images to help comprehend the information presented. The purpose of the work is to show the possibilities of allocated funds for the development of cognitive abilities of elementary school students in math classes in elementary school. Working on this problem and realizing the intended goal, the following methods were used: study and analysis of psychological, pedagogical and methodological literature, analysis of educational programs, generalization of pedagogical experience, pedagogical observation, study of the products of children's activities and mathematical processing of empirical material. The article clarifies the meaningful connections between cognitive abilities and visualized tasks, substantiates the impact of visualized tasks on individual components of cognitive abilities, develops a set of visualized tasks, presents types of verbal-graphic systematizers that can be used to develop cognitive abilities of younger students in mathematics.Статья посвящена проблеме развития когнитивных способностей обучающихся при освоении математики в начальной школе. Математика – это предмет, при изучении которого дети часто испытывают трудности, связанные с низким уровнем развития у них когнитивных способностей. Когнитивные способности рассматриваются в статье как индивидуально-психологические особенности процессов внимания, восприятия, памяти, мышления, отличающие одного человека от другого и проявляющиеся в успешном познании окружающего мира. Для решения проблемы развития когнитивных способностей младших школьников предлагается строить процесс обучения математике на основе когнитивно-визуального подхода, основными средствами которого являются визуализированные задачи и словесно-графические систематизаторы. Главное назначение визуализированных задач – это формирование умения «вдумываться в слово» и «всматриваться в образ», обеспечение реализации визуального перевода на основе установления связей между текстом, рисунком и формулой. Различные виды словесно-графических систематизаторов (таблицы, матрицы, опорные конспекты, карты понятий, блок-схемы, интеллект-карты, диаграммы, графики и т. п.) предполагают использование пространственных образов, помогающих осмыслить представленную информацию. Цель работы – показать возможности выделенных средств для развития когнитивных способностей младших школьников на уроках математики в начальной школе. Работая над данной проблемой и реализуя намеченную цель, использовались следующие методы: изучение и анализ психолого-педагогической и методической литературы, анализ образовательных программ, обобщение педагогического опыта, педагогическое наблюдение, изучение продуктов деятельности детей и математическая обработка эмпирического материала. В работе уточнены содержательные связи между когнитивными способностями и визуализированными задачами, обосновано влияние визуализированных задач на отдельные компоненты когнитивных способностей, разработан комплекс визуализированных задач, представлены виды словесно-графических систематизаторов, которые могут быть использованы для развития когнитивных способностей младших школьников на уроках математики

Optimisations of the cost and structure of created investment resources of an entity based on financial leverage elements

The article demonstrates the author's method for cost and structure optimisation of created investment resources of an entity based on financial leverage tools for effective financing of real investments in case of development of an investment strategy for an entity development, namely: - Criteria of investments financing from line items of conservative, compromise, and aggressive approaches are determined using in the scheme of financing owner's capital, and also short-term and long-term loan fund capital; - Step-by-step creation of the financial performances considering industry specifics, scale of functioning of economic agents' activities is offered. Effective activities of the entities in long terms, ensuring high rates of their development and competitiveness increase in the conditions of market economy, are substantially determined by the level of their investment activity and the range of investing activities. One of the main tasks of forming the investment resources is the optimisation of their structure taking into account the profitability level and the investment risk. The optimisation of a capital structure by criterion of financial profitability level maximisation (profitability of the owner's capital) is reached by means of financial leverage mechanism. Profitability level maximisation for the capital considering the set level of financial risk is performed through the financial leverage, showing the use of borrowed funds by the entity. Carrying out complex calculations within the investment analysis with use of mechanisms of financial leverage allows determining the optimum structure of the created investment resources providing maximisation of the profitability level. © 2015, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved

Measurements and modeling of optical-equivalent snow grain sizes under arctic low-sun conditions

The size and shape of snow grains directly impacts the reflection by a snowpack. In this article, different approaches to retrieve the optical-equivalent snow grain size (r$_{opt}$) or, alternatively, the specific surface area (SSA) using satellite, airborne, and ground-based observations are compared and used to evaluate ICON-ART (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic—Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases) simulations. The retrieval methods are based on optical measurements and rely on the r$_{opt}$-dependent absorption of solar radiation in snow. The measurement data were taken during a three-week campaign that was conducted in the North of Greenland in March/April 2018, such that the retrieval methods and radiation measurements are affected by enhanced uncertainties under these low-Sun conditions. An adjusted airborne retrieval method is applied which uses the albedo at 1700 nm wavelength and combines an atmospheric and snow radiative transfer model to account for the direct-to-global fraction of the solar radiation incident on the snow. From this approach, we achieved a significantly improved uncertainty (<25%) and a reduced effect of atmospheric masking compared to the previous method. Ground-based in situ measurements indicated an increase of r$_{opt}$ of 15 µm within a five-day period after a snowfall event which is small compared to previous observations under similar temperature regimes. ICON-ART captured the observed change of r$_{opt}$ during snowfall events, but systematically overestimated the subsequent snow grain growth by about 100%. Adjusting the growth rate factor to 0.012 µm$^{2}$ s$^{-1}$ minimized the difference between model and observations. Satellite-based and airborne retrieval methods showed higher r$_{opt}$ over sea ice (<300 µm) than over land surfaces (<100 µm) which was reduced by data filtering of surface roughness features. Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrievals revealed a large spread within a series of subsequent individual overpasses, indicating their limitations in observing the snow grain size evolution in early spring conditions with low Sun

Melt pond fraction and spectral sea ice albedo retrieval from MERIS data – Part 1: Validation against in situ, aerial, and ship cruise data

The presence of melt ponds on the Arctic sea ice strongly affects the energy balance of the Arctic Ocean in summer. It affects albedo as well as transmittance through the sea ice, which has consequences for the heat balance and mass balance of sea ice. An algorithm to retrieve melt pond fraction and sea ice albedo from Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) data is validated against aerial, shipborne and in situ campaign data. The results show the best correlation for landfast and multiyear ice of high ice concentrations. For broadband albedo, R2 is equal to 0.85, with the RMS (root mean square) being equal to 0.068; for the melt pond fraction, R2 is equal to 0.36, with the RMS being equal to 0.065. The correlation for lower ice concentrations, subpixel ice floes, blue ice and wet ice is lower due to ice drift and challenging for the retrieval surface conditions. Combining all aerial observations gives a mean albedo RMS of 0.089 and a mean melt pond fraction RMS of 0.22. The in situ melt pond fraction correlation is R2 = 0.52 with an RMS = 0.14. Ship cruise data might be affected by documentation of varying accuracy within the Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate (ASPeCt) protocol, which may contribute to the discrepancy between the satellite value and the observed value: mean R2 = 0.044, mean RMS = 0.16. An additional dynamic spatial cloud filter for MERIS over snow and ice has been developed to assist with the validation on swath data

Short-range order and electronic properties of epitaxial graphene

One of the most rapidly developing areas of modern materials science is the study of graphene and materials on its basis. The experimental investigations have revealed different types of defects on the surface of graphene that form the ordered structures of atomic configurations. In the present work, the value of short-range order parameter for different configurations of foreign atoms in a graphene layer was calculated. The effect of various factors on the density of electronic states and electrical resistance in graphene was also investigated. The type of the ordering of foreign atoms in graphene rather than the concentration of impurities, was shown to be responsible for the change in the conductivity of graphene

EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF SINUS RHYTHM RESTORATION WITH AMIODARONE AND PROPAFENONE IN OUTPATIENTS, ECONOMIC ASPECTS (BASED ON DATA OF N.A. SEMASHKO NORTHERN MEDICAL CLINICAL CENTER)

Aim. To study efficacy and safey of sinus rhythm restoration with amiodarone and propafenone in outpatients with recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF), and to estimate pharmacoeconomic efficiency of such cardioversion in comparison with hospital treatment.Material and methods. Patients (n=199; aged 59.2±1.36) with paroxysmal (73.9%) or persistent (26.1%) AF were included into the multicenter prospective study. Follow-up period was 13.14 months (min 1 month, max 36 months). Patients with arrhythmia relapse &lt;48 h received outpatient cardioversion with amiodarone or propafenone orally. Daily outpatient examination, including ECG and blood pressure monitoring every 30-60 min, was carried out to evaluate efficacy of cardioversion and hemodynamics. Phone contact with patients was available. Patients with unstable hemodynamics received cardioversion in hospital. Patients received propafenone in cumulative dose of 600 mg (150-300 mg every hour), and amiodarone 600-800 mg daily. The cost/effectiveness ratio (CER) was estimated. This ratio shows the cost of one unit of effect.Results. Outpatient cardioversion with amiodarone was started 24 h earlier (p=0.029) and with propafenone — 4.5 h earlier (p=0.002) than that in hospital. The average dose of amiodarone in ambulatory cardioversion was 1.3 times less (713.7±84,62 mg, p=0.345) than that in hospital cardioversion. Outpatient treatment with amiodarone restored sinus rhythm 8.7 h earlier, and with propafenone - 3.5 h earlier than the same treatments in hospital. Efficiency of hospital cardioversion with amiodarone was 70%, with propafenone - 80%, and efficiency of outpatient cardioversion — 96,1% and 98,4%, respectively. Outpatient treatment did not cause any severe side effects. Expenses for outpatient cardioversion made up 143 724.25 rubles, and for hospital cardioversion — 92 870.47 rubles. Average treatment costs for one patient in hospital was 6 times greater than for an outpatient. Outpatient cardioversion had the lowest CER (~1300 rubles%).Conclusion. Outpatient cardioversion with amiodarone or propafenone is not only effective and safe, but also economically feasible

Влияние организации потока рецикла на величину энергетических затрат

The influence of recycled flow operation on the value of minimum energy consumption for total conversion of A reagent to B product was studied with A↔B reaction as an example.В работе, на примере реакции А↔В исследовано влияние организации потока рецикла на величину минимальных энергетических затрат, необходимых для полного превращения заданного количества реагента А в чистый продукт В

Satellite observations for detecting and forecasting sea-ice conditions: A summary of advances made in the SPICES Project by the EU's Horizon 2020 Programme

The detection, monitoring, and forecasting of sea-ice conditions, including their extremes, is very important for ship navigation and offshore activities, and for monitoring of sea-ice processes and trends. We summarize here recent advances in the monitoring of sea-ice conditions and their extremes from satellite data as well as the development of sea-ice seasonal forecasting capabilities. Our results are the outcome of the three-year (2015-2018) SPICES (Space-borne Observations for Detecting and Forecasting Sea-Ice Cover Extremes) project funded by the EU's Horizon 2020 programme. New SPICES sea-ice products include pancake ice thickness and degree of ice ridging based on synthetic aperture radar imagery, Arctic sea-ice volume and export derived from multisensor satellite data, and melt pond fraction and sea-ice concentration using Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) radiometer data. Forecasts of July sea-ice conditions from initial conditions in May showed substantial improvement in some Arctic regions after adding sea-ice thickness (SIT) data to the model initialization. The SIT initialization also improved seasonal forecasts for years with extremely low summer sea-ice extent. New SPICES sea-ice products have a demonstrable level of maturity, and with a reasonable amount of further work they can be integrated into various operational sea-ice services

Использование рециркуляции для увеличения селективности обратимых последовательных химических реакций

With reversible consecutive reactions as an example the ability of the reactant and side product recycling to achieve high values of conversion and selectivity is studied. Analytical expressions for conversion and selectivity via recycle flow rate are obtained. The numerical simulation confirms the obtained theoretical results.В работе показана возможность использования рециркуляции реагента и побочного продукта для достижения высоких значений конверсии и селективности на примере обратимых последовательных химических реакций. Получены аналитические выражения для зависимостей конверсии и селективности от потока рецикла, которые подтверждены численным моделированием

Characterising patterns of engagement of different participants in a public STEM-based analysis project

An analysis project undertaken in the context of a historic visitor site is described. The project offered different types of opportunity for scientific working, and involved four distinct groups of participants. Two distinguishing features of the different groups of participants were their primary motivation for engagement with the activity, and their level of previous engagement with formal science education. Participants in different parts of the project were assessed as to their level of science capital (Archer et al., 2015). Drawing upon engagement theory, the observable behaviours were used as an indicator of engagement and then categorised according to Pearson's (2010) taxonomy. The analysis showed that learner engagement was exhibited at different levels by the different categories of participants, with higher levels of engagement exhibited by participants with a higher level of science capital. Although there was general correlation between the level of science capital and the proportion of higher engagement learning behaviours, one group of participants deviated from this trend. The findings indicate that the level of science capital is a key determinant of engagement and associated learning behaviours, but did not completely account for participants’ engagement in the science outreach activity