Individual Differences in Social Cognitive Processes between Neurotypical College Students High and Low in Autistic Traits

The autism spectrum may extend into the general population, as previous work has suggested that there is a normal distribution of subclinical autistic traits among neurotypical individuals. Individuals with high levels of autistic traits display interpersonal challenges that are qualitatively similar to those exhibited by individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In ASD, social challenges may be mediated by differences in social cognition. The current study investigated to what extent social cognitive differences exist between individuals with high and low levels of subclinical autistic traits. Participants were 171 undergraduate students who scored high or low on the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Differences were found between High AQ and Low AQ participants along several social cognitive and behavioral dimensions. High AQ participants reported higher levels of social anxiety and fewer daily conversations than Low AQ participants. Accuracy on a Theory of Mind task was lower in High AQ than Low AQ participants, but only when stimulus eye gaze was averted. Patterns of preferential attention to faces also varied between High AQ and Low AQ participants, contingent on configural and temporal factors. Low AQ participants exhibited a stronger attentional preference for upright faces versus cars and inverted faces at 100ms. When a competing car stimulus was presented, High AQ participants preferentially attended to faces more strongly than did Low AQ participants at 200ms and 500ms. Inverted face distractor stimuli elicited a stronger attention bias to upright faces by Low AQ than High AQ participants at 500ms. Emotion complexity did not differentially affect preferential attention to faces between the two groups. These results build on previous literature by characterizing specific patterns of social cognitive processing differences associated with subclinical autistic traits. KEYWORDS: autism spectrum disorder, social cognition, face processin

CORRELATION DEGREES OF TUMOR INFILTRATING LYMPHOCYTES (TILs) WITH GLEASON SCORE IN PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA

Introduction: One of the abnormalities in the prostate gland is prostate adenocarcinoma. Prostate adenocarcinoma expresses tumor antigen in the form of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) which will then be recognized by the immune system. The immune system then responds by infiltrating the tumor tissue. Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) are defined as the infiltration of lymphocytes into the tumor microenvironment. T lymphocytes have a role in recognizing and killing tumor cells. The Gleason grading system together with serum PSA assessment and clinical staging are key in determining appropriate therapy and prognosis in prostate adenocarcinoma. The Gleason grading system is used to assess the degrees of glandular differentiation in prostate adenocarcinoma. An increase in the gleason score indicates poor gland differentiation.Purpose: To assess the correlation between the degrees of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) with gleason score in prostate adenocarcinoma.Method: This retrospective study used a correlation analytic method with a cross sectional study design that measured the degrees of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) in each gleason score of prostateadenocarcinoma that was observed once at a time. The research samples obtained from the patient's medical records included the gleason score and histopathological slides of the Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) with hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining which were diagnosed as prostate adenocarcinoma according to the inclusion criteria using the non-probability total sampling method at Dr.RamelanNavy’s Central Hospital and analyzed using SPSS version 25 application.Result: Spearman correlation test to assess the correlation between the degree of stromal TILs with gleason score obtained p-value = 0.345 (p >0.05) which indicates there is nocorrelation.Conclusion: There is nocorrelation between high grade stromal TILs and high Gleason Score in prostate adenocarcinom

Reply to Worth et al

TO THE EDITOR—We thank Worth and colleagues for reflecting on some important points related to our recent study where we reported a 63% reduction in hospital-onset (HO) Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) in Australia

Effect of Hydrodynamics on Sediment Transport near a Coastal Inlet

River, Estuarine and Coastal Dynamic

Chronicles of Oklahoma

Article chronicles the history of Bloomfield Academy, an all-female mission school within the Chickasaw District of Indian Territory. Included within the article is an appendix focused on the closing exercises of the seminary in 1904

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD): Promoting International Awareness through Ambassadors and Collaboration

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are a group of health conditions caused by the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.  Alcohol use by pregnant women is a global public health issue with lifelong consequences to the baby.  In Brazil, despite educational campaigns on the problems of drinking while pregnant, many women continue to drink regardless of their pregnancy status. Currently, nursing curricula do not include in-depth information around FASD.  Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the need for the inclusion of alcohol and FASD education in Brazil by incorporating a role for the student nurse as an FASD prevention ambassador.  Student nurse ambassadors can promote FASD prevention through educating fellow students and nursing professional. An infographic to provide FASD facts for patients, nursing students, and nursing staff has been developed.  Because nurses are key figures in providing patient care, they are ideal advocates for FASD prevention

Maternal post-natal tobacco use and current parental tobacco use is associated with higher body mass index in children and adolescents: an international cross-sectional study

Background: We investigated whether maternal smoking in the first year of life or any current parental smoking is associated with childhood or adolescent body mass index (BMI). Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a multi-centre, multi-country, cross-sectional study (ISAAC Phase Three). Parents/guardians of children aged 6-7 years completed questionnaires about their children's current height and weight, whether their mother smoked in the first year of the child's life and current smoking habits of both parents. Adolescents aged 13-14 years completed questionnaires about their height, weight and current parental smoking habits. A general linear mixed model was used to determine the association between BMI and parental smoking. Results: 77,192 children (18 countries) and 194 727 adolescents (35 countries) were included. The BMI of children exposed to maternal smoking during their first year of life was 0.11 kg/m2 greater than those who were not (P = 0.0033). The BMI of children of currently smoking parents was greater than those with non-smoking parents(maternal smoking: +0.08 kg/m2 (P = 0.0131), paternal smoking: +0.10 kg/m2 (P < 0.0001)). The BMI of female adolescents exposed to maternal or paternal smoking was 0.23 kg/m2 and 0.09 kg/m2 greater respectively than those who were not exposed (P < 0.0001). The BMI of male adolescents was greater with maternal smoking exposure, but not paternal smoking (0.19 kg/m2, P < 0.0001 and 0.03 kg/m2, P = 0.14 respectively). Conclusion: Parental smoking is associated with higher BMI values in children and adolescents. Whether this is due to a direct effect of parental smoking or to confounding cannot be established from this observational study