Economia Circular no Setor dos Alimentos & Bebidas: O caso do Canal HORECA

O modelo económico linear, adotado desde a revolução industrial e, associado ao crescimento populacional, criou padrões de consumo que, atualmente se revelam insustentáveis, tendo levado ao desenvolvimento do conceito de economia circular. Este modelo económico circular tem vindo a ganhar importância, com diferentes setores a reconhecer os seus benefícios e apostar em novas medidas que promovam a transição de um modelo linear para um modelo circular. A constante exploração de recursos e desperdício de matérias-primas aliado ao crescimento populacional levou tem promovido o aumento da procura e consumo de bens alimentares, têxteis e embalagens, os chamados bens de consumo rápido, particularmente importantes, quando falamos em economia circular. Os Hotéis, Restaurantes e Cafés (canal HORECA) assume-se como um dos principais consumidores destes bens de consumo, principalmente alimentos e embalagens. A presente dissertação pretende estudar o Canal HORECA, avaliando o potencial de implementação de medidas circulares contribuindo para a transição do seu modelo económico atual (linear) para um modelo económico circular. O fecho de diferentes ciclos deverá permitir combater o desperdício alimentar e o consumo e desperdício de materiais descartáveis, como as embalagens. Dada a complexidade do tema e a escassez de informação nesta área, nomeadamente em Portugal, é feito um diagnóstico do setor com base na recolha de perceções de atores-chave e de um conjunto de inquéritos a estabelecimentos de restauração, com observação no terreno no decorrer dos inquéritos, bem como recolha de informação bibliográfica. Este processo permitiu identificar alguns obstáculos, como a falta de espaço nos estabelecimentos e benefícios, como a separação de resíduos já existente em alguns casos. Foi elaborado um conjunto de orientações de apoio aos estabelecimentos de restauração na implementação de medidas circulares, e a identificação de um conjunto de indicadores de avaliação de circularidade para os estabelecimentos de restauração e propostas de melhoria direcionadas aos stakeholders envolvidos em todo o processo. É possível concluir, de acordo com a informação recolhida e com os casos de estudo analisados, que os estabelecimentos de restauração, em Portugal, apresentam um elevado potencial de implementação de medidas circulares. Este potencial decorre do interesse generalizado na adoção de algumas práticas circulares que se verificou durante os inquéritos e, do interesse na redução de custos dentro dos estabelecimentos, bem como, do que ainda há a fazer que permitirá obter ganhos e evitar desperdício

The general mechanisms of attack of nitrogen nucleophiles on carbonyl compounds: facts that determine the change of the rate-pH profiles

It have been described a general mechanism for the attack step of the reactions between nitrogen nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds to form a neutral tetrahedral addition intermediate. This general mechanism is based on the relative importance of the "concerted" hydronium-ion catalyzed attack of the nitrogen base on the carbonyl compound with respect to the "step wise" mechanism that involves the previous formation of a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T±) and the posterior proton transfer to it from the hydronium-ion. The relative importance of this pathway gives origin to three kinds of profile rates vs pH for these reactions. On the other hand, the importance of the "stepwise" mechanism was attributed to a dependence on the stability of the T± intermediate that is related to the pKa of the nitrogen base and the Kad (the equilibrium constant for the formation of the neutral tetrahedral addition intermediate (T0)). The comparison of the reactions of p-chlorobenzaldehyde and norcamphor with different nitrogen nucleophiles led to the observation that the general mechanism depends on each type of carbonyl compound. This is due to the great influence of the steric and electronic effects of the compounds structure, and the fact that the pKa value of the nitrogen base, which is more related to the stability of the T± than the T0 intermediate, is more important as a factor of prediction of the profiles than the value of Kad, this value being more related to the stability of the T0 intermediate

The Importance of Online Exposure when Applying for a Job

The rapid growth and development of information and communication technologies enabled the transition to a global and dynamic communication model. Among the many communication tools that have emerged, online social networks have proven to be the most popular. Its success has to do with the ability to converge several features into a single space, allowing users to share knowledge and experiences, maintain contact with their peers, as well as communicate freely and spontaneously. However, using these virtual platforms we are, inevitably, creating an online history that can affect our personal and professional lives. Facing a difficult and competitive job market, companies seek to capture the best talents, within their list of job candidates. In this context, companies are starting to screen online profiles to validate candidates’ personal characteristics in a non-professional environment. The main purpose of this study is to understand the importance of the activities in online social networks when applying for a job, especially among recent graduates, who are seeking their first professional experience. Results show that even though recent graduates take caution when using social networking sites, especially Facebook, online exposure is not considered an important factor when undergoing employment processes. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n1p48

Multimorbidity and consultation time: a systematic review

Background Multimorbidity (MM) is one of the major challenges health systems currently face. Management of time length of a medical consultation with a patient with MM is a matter of concern for doctors. Methods A systematic review was performed to describe the impact of MM on the average time of a medical consultation considering the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The systematic online searches of the Embase and PubMed databases were undertaken, from January 2000 to August 2018. The studies were independently screened by two reviewers to decide which ones met the inclusion criteria. (Kappa = 0.84 and Kappa = 0.82). Differing opinions were solved by a third person. This systematic review included people with MM criteria as participants (two or more chronic conditions in the same individual). The type of outcome included was explicitly defined – the length of medical appointments with patients with MM. Any strategies aiming to analyse the impact of MM on the average consultation time were considered. The length of time of medical appointment for patients without MM was the comparator criteria. Experimental and observational studies were included. Results Of 85 articles identified, only 1 observational study was included, showing a clear trend for patients with MM to have longer consultations than patients without MM criteria (p < 0.001). Conclusions More studies are required to better assess allocation length-time for patients with MM and to measure other characteristics like doctors’ workload.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Exposição online: a importância atribuída ao facebook no processo de candidatura a emprego

O rápido crescimento das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação traduziu-se na transformação da sociedade contemporânea. A internet assume um papel preponderante neste novo paradigma tecnológico, possibilitando a transição para um modelo comunicacional global, dinâmico e livre. De entre as inúmeras ferramentas de comunicação que surgiram, as redes sociais online têm vindo a afirmar-se ao longo dos últimos anos. A sua popularidade prende-se com a capacidade de agregar num único espaço inúmeras funcionalidades que permitem aos seus utilizadores partilhar conhecimento, experiência e valores, manter contacto com os seus pares, sem qualquer esforço e custo, reforçar laços criados num ambiente offline, assim como comunicar de forma livre e espontânea, desafiando os conceitos de espaço e tempo. Mas a presença nestas plataformas virtuais cria, inevitavelmente, um histórico online que lhes poderá ser prejudicial, a nível pessoal e profissional. Perante um mercado de trabalho difícil e competitivo, as empresas procuram captar os melhores talentos, o que não significa contratar o candidato com as melhores habilitações. Neste contexto, cada vez mais empresas recorrem aos perfis pessoais das redes sociais online dos candidatos para validar algumas das suas características pessoais, num ambiente não profissional. Procurámos com este estudo compreender qual a importância atribuída às redes sociais online nos processos de candidatura a emprego, especialmente, para os que agora iniciam a procura da primeira experiência profissional, ou seja, os finalistas do ensino superior. Para realizar este estudo foi desenvolvido e validado um questionário, disponibilizado online. Os resultados obtidos mostram que apesar de existir um cuidado com a atividade realizada nos sites das redes sociais, especialmente no Facebook, a presença online é um fator pouco valorizado no processo de candidatura a emprego.The rapid growth and development of information and communication technologies has resulted in the transformation of contemporary society. The internet plays a leading role in this new technological paradigm, enabling the transition to a global, dynamic and free communication model. Among the many communication tools that have emerged, online social networks have proven to be the most popular. Its success has to do with the ability to converge several features into a single space that allows users to share knowledge and experiences, maintain contact with their peers, without any effort or costs, and strengthen ties that were created offline, as well as communicate freely and spontaneously. Thus, redefining the concepts of space and time. However, by accessing these virtual platforms we are, inevitably, creating an online history that could affect our personal and professional lives. Facing a difficult and competitive job market, companies seek to capture the best talent. In this context, companies are starting to screen online profiles to validate candidates’ personal characteristics in a non-professional environment. The main purpose of this study is to understand the importance of online social networks when applying for a job, especially for recent graduates, who are now starting to seek their first professional experience. Results show that even though recent graduates take caution when using social networking sites, especially Facebook, online exposure is not considered an important factor when undergoing employment processes

Aconselhamento para prática de actividade física em diabéticos seguidos no centro de saúde

Dissertação de mestrado em Medicina do Desporto, apresentada á Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de CoimbraIntrodução: A diabetes é um problema de grande magnitude e a actividade física (AF) é parte da sua terapêutica. Há poucos estudos em condições reais versando, especificamente, o aconselhamento baseado no estádio motivacional. Fez-se um estudo para verificar o impacto metabólico, vascular e antropométrico e na qualidade de vida nos diabéticos do aconselhamento breve para o exercício físico baseado no estado motivacional, na consulta de diabetes no Centro de Saúde versus grupo controlo. Pretendeu-se também caracterizar os hábitos de actividade física das pessoas com diabetes seguidas em Centro de Saúde e verificar o impacto no tempo de consulta de diabetes da aplicação do instrumento PACE (Provider Assessment and Counseling for Exercise) de aconselhamento de exercício físico versus grupo controlo. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado, controlado. População-alvo: diabéticos seguidos em consulta de diabetes no Centro de Saúde (CS) em estudo. Amostra: todos os diabéticos de dois ficheiros em consulta entre 15/9/09 e 15/11/10. Randomização em grupo de intervenção e controlo após estratificação por género e idade. Intervenção: instrumento de motivação para AF validado em Portugal - instrumento PACE. Informação recolhida por médicos investigadores em 5 consultas ao longo de 1ano. Estatística descritiva e inferencial (t de Student, Man-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Qui2, riscos relativos (RR) por análise de intenção de tratar). Resultados: Amostra de 88 diabéticos, idade média 64,06 anos, 50% género feminino. Grupo de intervenção (n=44) e controlo com diferença inicial apenas no perímetro abdominal (PA) (p=0,041). Inicialmente 69,9% dos diabéticos praticavam AF. Após a intervenção, a AF não se alterou significativamente, com um RR de aumentar o nível de AF no grupo de intervenção vs. controlo aos 6 meses de 1.80 (0.82-3.95, NNT de 5,88) e aos 9 meses de 0.40 (NNH 3,33). A glicémia em jejum não se alterou significativamente (RR 6 meses 0.93 (0.60-1.45) e aos 9 meses 0.81 (0.48-1.38)), assim como a HbA1c, que aumentou em ambos os grupos e tempos de avaliação (RR 6 meses 0.51 (0.24-1.07) e 9 meses 0.54 (0.24-1.20)). O peso, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), PA e tensão arterial (TA) diminuíram em ambos os grupos aos 6 e 9 meses de intervenção. A pressão de pulso (PP) diminuiu significativamente apenas no grupo de intervenção aos 6 meses. Quanto às variáveis lipídicas, avaliadas no início e final do estudo, apenas houve diminuição significativa dos triglicerídeos no grupo controlo. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas no tempo de duração das consultas entre o grupo de intervenção e o grupo controlo a não ser no tempo 2 (3 meses de avaliação) de medição, em que o tempo foi maior no grupo controlo (p=0,025). Discussão: Uma limitação foi a amostra reduzida e retirada de dois ficheiros apenas, não se podendo generalizar à população diabética local. Apesar das limitações, foi um estudo importante para perceber que este instrumento pode ser aplicável nos Cuidados Primários, apesar de não ter ficado claro o seu benefício. Foi um estudo inovador aplicando metodologia motivacional em consulta de diabetes no CS e pode ajudar na procura de uma metodologia eficaz para promover AF nos diabéticos em Portugal.Introduction: Diabetes is a major health problem and physical activity (PAc) is part of its therapeutics. There are few studies in real life addressing motivational counselling. This trial aim is to verify the diabetic vascular, anthropometric, metabolic and quality of life impact of brief motivational counselling in regular consultation in primary care versus control group. The characterization of PAc habits of diabetic patients with primary care follow up was also made. It also measured the consultation time impact of PACE instrument application in primary care consultation for motivational counselling. Methods: Prospective, randomized, controlled study. Target population: diabetic patients followed up in primary care consultation in Eiras health centre. Sample: every type 2 diabetic patient followed up by two family physicians between 15/09/09 and 15/11/10. Intervention and control group randomization after age and gender stratification. Intervention: PACE instrument (Provider Assessment and Counseling for Exercise) of PAc motivation validated in Portuguese. Five consultation information collecting during 1 year. Descriptive and inferential statistics (t Student, Man-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Qui2, relative risks (RR) through intention to treat analysis). Results: 88 diabetic patients sample, mean age 64,06 years old, 50% female. Intervention group (n=44) and control group different only in abdominal circumference (AC) (p=0,041). At the beginning, 69,9% of the diabetic patients practised PAc. After the intervention, PAc didn’t change with statistical significance, with a relative risk of increasing PAc level after 6 months in the intervention group vs. control of 1.80 (0.82-3.95, NNT de 5,88) and 0.40 (NNH 3,33) at 9 months. Fasting glucose levels didn’t change with significance (RR 6 months 0.93 (0.60-1.45) and 9 months 0.81 (0.48-1.38)) and HbA1c levels raised in both groups (RR 6 months 0.51 (0.24-1.07) and 9 months 0.54 (0.24-1.20)). The weight, body mass index, AC and blood pressure decreased in both groups after 6 and 9 months. The pulse pressure decreased with significance only in the 6 months intervention group. The lipids, measured at the beginning and end of the trial, only decreased with statistical significance in the control group (triglycerides). There were no significant differences in the consultation time between the intervention and control group, except for the 3 months evaluation that was higher in the control group (p=0,025). Discussion: One of the limitations, was the small size sample only taken by two family doctors consultations what limits its generalization to the local population. It was an important trial to understand that this tool can be used in primary care, although it’s not clear if it’s effective. It was an innovative study applying motivational methodology in diabetes consultation in primary care and can help looking for an effective way to promote PA in diabetic patients in Portugal

Motivos para o Perfeccionismo e Intolerância à Frustração nos Estudantes de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra

Introdução: O perfeccionismo e a intolerância à frustração são os principais fatores de vulnerabilidade ao stress psicológico nos estudantes do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra. Este estudo procurou investigar a causalidade dos mesmos para sua prevenção. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional em triangulação, qualitativo-quantitativo, com inventariação dos principais motivos em painel de alunos, sendo a listagem obtida organizada e colocada em questionário complementado com inquérito epidemiológico, aplicado online a todos os alunos do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, seguindo-se análise estatística. Resultados: Estudou-se amostra representativa, de n = 368, 77,7% do sexo feminino. Os principais motivos para perfeccionismo e intolerância à frustração são ’fatores intrínsecos‘ e ’exigências da profissão médica‘, com, respetivamente, 91,1% e 91,8% de respostas 'importante’ / ’muito importante‘; ’pressão ambiental‘ é o menos importante, com 68,2% em tais classificações. Alunos satisfeitos com a vida curricular atribuem menor importância à ’pressão ambiental‘ (p = 0,004), ‘insegurança quanto à formação profissional’ (p = 0,017), ‘métodos de avaliação curricular’ (p = 0,002) e ’exigências curriculares do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina‘ (p = 0,002); o sexo feminino dá maior importância às ’exigências curriculares do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina‘ (p = 0,001); alunos inseridos em atividade extracurricular, consideram menos importante a ’pressão ambiental‘ (p = 0,007). Discussão: Nesta amostra a vulnerabilidade ao stress psicológico por perfeccionismo e intolerância à frustração depende essencialmente da personalidade auto-exigente. Outro importante fator corresponde à insegurança relativamente às exigências profissionais, com sofrimento por antecipação e ausência de perspetiva profissional. Conclusão: O suporte psicológico, o envolvimento em atividades extracurriculares específicas e a reestruturação curricular parecem ser formas de diminuir a vulnerabilidade ao stress nos estudantes de medicina

Breastfeeding and childhood obesity in the Azores

Background. The hypothesis that breasteeding has a protectve effect in childhood obesity is not new; however, controversial results have been published. Since the Azores reported the lowest rate of breasteeding in Portugal and a high prevalence of childhood obesity, it becomes important to understand whether these facts are related or not. Objectves. To investgate the relatonship between breasteeding and childhood obesity in a populaton of Azorean children. Material and methods. A cross-sectonal study was carried out on 183 Azorean children between 5–10 years of age between September and December 2016. The weight and height of the children were measured at the consultaton and other variables were investgated through a questonnaire. The associaton between breasteeding and childhood obesity was tested using logistc regression models. Results. 18.6% of the children were obese and 74.3% were breasted. The exclusive breasteeding rate at 6 months was 3.3%. Complementary breasteeding was present in 39.3% at 6 months and 7.1% at 2 years. Obese children were breasted less tme than non-obesechildren, suggestng a dose-effect relatonship (p = 0.025). We found a signifcant and independent relatonship between infant obesity and total tme of breasteeding (RR = 0.906; 95% CI [0.842, 0.974]; p = 0.008), physical actvity (RR = 0.883; 95% CI [0.801, 0.972]; p = 0.012) and maternal nutritonal status (RR = 3.452; 95% CI [1.361, 8.755]; p = 0.009). Conclusions. Breasteeding and physical actvity behaved as protectve factors for childhood obesity, while the nutritonal status of the mother acted as a risk factor. Childhood obesity is a current problem in the Azores, and breasteeding can be an effectve, simple and affordable tool to reduce this.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Use of the Core Content Classification in General Practice (3GCP) for qualitative analysis of context and practice. Ten-year study of undergraduate students’ final works in the Integrated Master's Degree in Medicine at the University of Coimbra

Background: General Practice/Family Medicine includes approaches to the biological, technological, behavioural, sociological and anthropological domains. Objectives: To document the domains addressed in the final assignments of the Integrated Master’s Degree in Medicine at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, in the area of GP/FM. Material and methods: Observational study of the titles of final assignments, between 2008 and 2017, granted by the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra. A domain analysis using as codes the International Classification in Primary Care-2 and the Q-Codes, a context classification in Primary Care, year of elaboration and gender of author was carried out for each title of final assignment. A descriptive and inferential analysis was performed through parametric and nonparametric tests. Results: 169 papers were analysed, 23.1% written by male students, with a positive overall growth dynamics (Δ = +7) between 2008 and 2017. Q-Codes were registered 276 times, while the ICPC-2 codes were used 133 times. Under the Q-Codes, “doctor’s issues” is the most frequently addressed (n = 112; 67.2%), and under the International Classification in Primary Care-2 classifications, the chapter “Psychological” was predominant (n = 35; 21%). Under the Q-Codes, subcategories “primary care setting” (n = 26; 15.6%), “health issue management” (n = 23; 13.8%) and “unable to code, unclear” (22; 13.2%) were dominant. Within the International Classification in Primary Care-2, the subcategories “diabetes noninsulin dependent” (n = 22; 13.2%), “depressive disorder” (8, 4.8%) and “hypertension uncomplicated” (8; 4.8%) were predominantly focused on. Conclusions: The 3CGP may become a professional tool, allowing for more precise identification of final works, for a better communication method in medical activity and for avoiding the loss of previously developed works.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Study of dyslipidemia in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in primary health care

Background. Obstructve Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is associated with several morbidites. The most important ones are obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. A clear relatonship of OSAS and dyslipidemia is yet to be demonstrated. Objectves. To evaluate the prevalence of dyslipidemia as a morbidity associated with OSAS and to understand its relatonship with the severity of OSAS. Material and methods. We randomly selected 92 patents diagnosed untl the end of May 2016 with OSAS from two primary health care units and 184 patents as controls (no OSAS diagnosed) from random lists of patents matched in age and gender with patents with OSAS. We calculated the prevalence of the classifed comorbidites (overweight, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia) in both groups. We used logistc regression to check the associaton between them. We evaluated the relatonship between dyslipidemia and OSAS severity by using the Apnea/Hypopnea Index (AHI). Results. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 80% in patents with OSAS. Patents with OSAS were diagnosed as overweight (97%), had arterial hypertension (89%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (43%). OSAS was not independently related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (p = 0.101) and to dyslipidemia (p = 0.389). However, overweight and arterial hypertension were related independently to OSAS (p < 0.001) with a risk for OSAS. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in patents with mild, moderate and severe OSAS was 22%, 13% and 25%, respectvely. Conclusions. Patents with OSAS have a high prevalence of dyslipidemia despite not being independently related. There were no statstcal differences between patents with mild, moderate and severe OSAS.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio