A description of the GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the motor nuclei of the cat thalamus.

The GABA neurons and their processes in the cat motor thalamic nuclei were identified and studied with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry at both the light and electron microscopic levels. The three nuclei that comprise the motor thalamus, ventral anterior (VA), ventral medial (VM), and ventral lateral (VL), each displayed a characteristic distribution pattern of GAD-positive structures that was consistent with their afferent and intrinsic neuronal organization. All three thalamic nuclei displayed a population of small, GAD-positive cells the dendrites of which contained synaptic vesicles and participated in complex synaptic arrays such as serial synapses, triads, and glomeruli. Based on their ultrastructural features, these GAD-containing cells were identified as local circuit neurons. In contrast, the larger, GAD-negative cells were presumed to be the thalamocortical projection neurons. The axons of GAD-positive local circuit neurons could not be identified in these preparations. The number of GAD-positive dendrites in the neuropil was different for the three thalamic nuclei. In the VA and VM, the GAD-positive dendrites were numerous and formed symmetric synapses with dendrites of GAD-negative cells, mainly in association with corticothalamic boutons. Within VL, the GAD-containing dendrites were more numerous than in VA and VM and formed synapses at influential locations on presumed thalamocortical projection neurons, such as bases of primary dendrites, and bifurcation sites of primary and secondary dendrites. The VA and anterolateral VM nuclei that receive inhibitory GABAergic afferents from the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra contained the highest concentration of large GAD-positive axon terminals. These boutons contained pleomorphic vesicles and numerous mitochondria and formed symmetric synapses and multiple puncta adherentes with dendrites and somata of presumed thalamocortical projection neurons. The size, ultrastructural features, and distribution of these GAD-positive boutons were similar to those features described for basal ganglia terminals in the motor thalamus of the cat. In addition, similar large-size GAD-positive boutons were observed in the medial VM, which receives basal ganglia afferents exclusively from the substantia nigra. The concentration of these terminals in medial VM along the dendrites of thalamocortical projection neurons was much less than that in VA and anterolateral VM. The VL nucleus which lacks basal ganglia input did not contain any large GAD-positive boutons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS

A flaring X-ray pulsar in Dorado

A study of unusual gamma-ray bursts detected on March 5 and March 6, 1979 in the KONUS experiment on the Venera 11 and Venera 12 spacecraft shows their source to be flaring X-ray pulsar in Dorado

Multifractality in Time Series

We apply the concepts of multifractal physics to financial time series in order to characterize the onset of crash for the Standard & Poor's 500 stock index x(t). It is found that within the framework of multifractality, the "analogous" specific heat of the S&P500 discrete price index displays a shoulder to the right of the main peak for low values of time lags. On decreasing T, the presence of the shoulder is a consequence of the peaked, temporal x(t+T)-x(t) fluctuations in this regime. For large time lags (T>80), we have found that C_{q} displays typical features of a classical phase transition at a critical point. An example of such dynamic phase transition in a simple economic model system, based on a mapping with multifractality phenomena in random multiplicative processes, is also presented by applying former results obtained with a continuous probability theory for describing scaling measures.Comment: 22 pages, Revtex, 4 ps figures - To appear J. Phys. A (2000

Genetic integrity of four species of Leptidea (Pieridae, Lepidoptera) as sampled in sympatry in West Siberia

In southern West Siberia, as many as four Leptidea Billberg, 1820 species are present sympatrically: L. amurensis (Ménétriés, 1859), L. morsei (Ménétriés, 1859), L. sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758) and L. juvernica Williams, 1946. The two latter were recently recognised as nearly sibling species on morphological and molecular characters. Specimens intermediate as to their subtle diagnostic characters occurring in West Siberia and elsewhere were interpreted as resulted from limited introgression. This supposition was tested via populational morphological and molecular analysis of spring brood specimens of all the four species taken from a limited (4.5 × 0.2 km) area in the suburbs of Novosibirsk. The samples were analysed with respect to the genitalic morphology, external characters, three nuclear (CAD, H1 gene and ITS2) and one mitochondrial (COI) molecular markers, infection of the intracellular maternally inherited bacterial symbiont Wolbachia Hertig, 1836 and its wsp gene coding for a hypervariable surface protein. Interspecific variation of the nuclear CAD and ITS2 sequences and the mitochondrial COI gene in L. sinapis and L. juvernica turned out concordant. The absence of molecular evidence of introgression suggests genetic integrity of these two species and allows their reliable identification by molecular characters. The genitalic (lengths of the saccus and valva) and external characters (wing pattern) of males overlap in L. sinapis and L. juvernica, as identified by molecular markers and thus are not so helpful in actual species identification. Only the ductus bursae length showed no overlap and can be used for identification of females. The histone H1 gene appeared five times less variable over the four studied species than COI, and found to be identical in species L. sinapis and L. juvernica. Wolbachia infection was found in all studied species. We identified three wsp variants of Wolbachia: 1) wsp-10 allele in L. amurensis, L. sinapis, L. juvernica; 2) a very similar wsp-687 allele in L. sinapis; and 3) wsp-688, highly divergent to the previous ones, in L. morsei

REPRESENTAÇÃO EM CONSELHOS DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS: O CASO DA EDUCAÇÃO EM SÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO

This research has, as objective, to discuss the new process of representation and participation arising from the Brazilian 1988 Constitution’s democratic opening, specially Public Policy Councils. After all, what are the contributions, in fact, to democracy, magnifying of the debate and society empowerment proceeding from Councils? As particular object of study, it had the current management (2009-2012) of the City Council of Education of São Bernardo do Campo. The article begins with a theoretical quarrel on the representative democracy and its way until the participatory management and the advances at present time in the Brazilian case, as well as the target of the quarrel around the Councils today. A contextualization of the study object is followed, from which it unfolds the results and briefings. It was possible to observe, in this way, that the Councils still are in its organization ways, and that they still need to establish as steady institution to give an adjusted representation, established in accountability and dialogue. The practice to bring to the Council the demands of the represented categories are not yet the practical, but only the individual points of view of each counselor. For this, four fronts of optimization are considered: the communicative, institutional/managerial, the net structuring and the regulatory one. KEYWORDS Public Policy Councils, representation, participatory management, democracy.Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir os novos processos de representação e participação advindos da abertura democrática proposta na Constituinte de 1988, em especial os Conselhos de Políticas Públicas. Afinal, quais são as contribuições factuais para a democracia, ampliação do debate e empoderamento da sociedade provenientes dos Conselhos? Como objeto particular de estudo, tem-se a gestão atual (2009- 2012) do Conselho Municipal de Educação de São Bernardo do Campo. O artigo parte de uma discussão teórica sobre a democracia representativa e seu caminhar até a gestão participativa e os avanços na atualidade, no caso brasileiro, assim como o escopo da discussão em torno dos conselhos hoje. Segue-se uma contextualização do objeto de estudo, a partir da qual se desdobram os resultados e elucidações. Foi possível observar, dessa maneira, que os conselhos ainda estão em vias de organização, e que precisam se fundar como instituição estável para prestar uma representação adequada, baseada em accountability, ou prestação e contas, e diálogo. Ainda não é comum a prática de trazer ao Conselho as demandas das categorias representadas, e sim os pontos de vista de cada indivíduo eleito. Para tal, quatro frentes de otimização são propostas: a comunicativa, a institucional/gerencial, a estruturante de rede e a regulatória.PALAVRAS-CHAVE Conselhos de Políticas Públicas, representação, gestão participativa, democracia.ABSTRACT This research has, as objective, to discuss the new process of representation and participation arising from the Brazilian 1988 Constitution’s democratic opening, specially Public Policy Councils. After all, what are the contributions, in fact, to democracy, magnifying of the debate and society empowerment proceeding from Councils? As particular object of study, it had the current management (2009-2012) of the City Council of Education of São Bernardo do Campo. The article begins with a theoretical quarrel on the representative democracy and its way until the participatory management and the advances at present time in the Brazilian case, as well as the target of the quarrel around the Councils today. A contextualization of the study object is followed, from which it unfolds the results and briefings. It was possible to observe, in this way, that the Councils still are in its organization ways, and that they still need to establish as steady institution to give an adjusted representation, established in accountability and dialogue. The practice to bring to the Council the demands of the represented categories are not yet the practical, but only the individual points of view of each counselor. For this, four fronts of optimization are considered: the communicative, institutional/managerial, the net structuring and the regulatory one.KEYWORDS Public Policy Councils, representation, participatory management, democracy

Open Government Partnership na cidade de São Paulo e o programa São Paulo Aberta: desafios na difusão e institucionalização de uma política global

Brasil ha sido un lugar importante para implementar prácticas participativas después de su democratización. En 2011, junto con otros siete gobiernos fundadores, Brasil respaldó la Alianza para el de Gobierno Abierto (OGP) y anunció los planes del país para promover una mayor transparencia en las prácticas gubernamentales. El país se convirtió en parte de una iniciativa multilateral que hoy reúne a más de 70 países. Desde su difusión internacional, esta iniciativa fue incorporada por la ciudad de San Pablo, que creó el Comité Intersecretarial de Gobierno Abierto en 2014. Describimos la incorporación de la OGP y de su proceso de difusión y discutimos los desafíos de difusión e institucionalización de una política global a nivel local, entre 2013 y 2016. Las principales conclusiones abordan la importancia de institucionalizar las prácticas políticas además de la difusión de políticas; la importancia del análisis microinstitucional y del trabajo institucional en la teoría organizacional para comprender la importancia de los actores clave en el proceso de implementación; y la influencia de la arquitectura institucional en la implementación de la OGP.Brasil ha sido un lugar importante para implementar prácticas participativas después de su democratización. En 2011, junto con otros siete gobiernos fundadores, Brasil respaldó la Alianza para el de Gobierno Abierto (OGP) y anunció los planes del país para promover una mayor transparencia en las prácticas gubernamentales. El país se convirtió en parte de una iniciativa multilateral que hoy reúne a más de 70 países. Desde su difusión internacional, esta iniciativa fue incorporada por la ciudad de San Pablo, que creó el Comité Intersecretarial de Gobierno Abierto en 2014. Describimos la incorporación de la OGP y de su proceso de difusión y discutimos los desafíos de difusión e institucionalización de una política global a nivel local, entre 2013 y 2016. Las principales conclusiones abordan la importancia de institucionalizar las prácticas políticas además de la difusión de políticas; la importancia del análisis microinstitucional y del trabajo institucional en la teoría organizacional para comprender la importancia de los actores clave en el proceso de implementación; y la influencia de la arquitectura institucional en la implementación de la OGP.O Brasil tem sido um importante locus de implementação de práticas participativas após sua democratização. Em 2011, ao lado de outros sete governos fundadores, o Brasil endossou a Open Government Partnership (OGP) e anunciou os planos para promover maior transparência nas práticas governamentais. O país passou a fazer parte de uma iniciativa multilateral que hoje reúne mais de 70 países. A partir de sua difusão internacional, essa iniciativa foi incorporada pela cidade de São Paulo, que criou o Comitê Intersecretarial de Governo Aberto em 2014. Descrevemos a incorporação do OGP a partir de seu processo de difusão e discutimos os desafios de difusão e institucionalização de uma política global no nível local, ocorrida entre 2013 e 2016. As principais conclusões abordam a importância da institucionalização das práticas políticas além da difusão de políticas; a importância da análise microinstitucional e do trabalho institucional na teoria organizacional para compreender a importância dos principais agentes no processo de implementação; e a influência da arquitetura institucional na implementação do OGP

REPRESENTAÇÃO EM CONSELHOS DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS: O CASO DA EDUCAÇÃO EM SÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO

This research has, as objective, to discuss the new process of representation and participation arising from the Brazilian 1988 Constitution’s democratic opening, specially Public Policy Councils. After all, what are the contributions, in fact, to democracy, magnifying of the debate and society empowerment proceeding from Councils? As particular object of study, it had the current management (2009-2012) of the City Council of Education of São Bernardo do Campo. The article begins with a theoretical quarrel on the representative democracy and its way until the participatory management and the advances at present time in the Brazilian case, as well as the target of the quarrel around the Councils today. A contextualization of the study object is followed, from which it unfolds the results and briefings. It was possible to observe, in this way, that the Councils still are in its organization ways, and that they still need to establish as steady institution to give an adjusted representation, established in accountability and dialogue. The practice to bring to the Council the demands of the represented categories are not yet the practical, but only the individual points of view of each counselor. For this, four fronts of optimization are considered: the communicative, institutional/managerial, the net structuring and the regulatory one. KEYWORDS Public Policy Councils, representation, participatory management, democracy.Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir os novos processos de representação e participação advindos da abertura democrática proposta na Constituinte de 1988, em especial os Conselhos de Políticas Públicas. Afinal, quais são as contribuições factuais para a democracia, ampliação do debate e empoderamento da sociedade provenientes dos Conselhos? Como objeto particular de estudo, tem-se a gestão atual (2009- 2012) do Conselho Municipal de Educação de São Bernardo do Campo. O artigo parte de uma discussão teórica sobre a democracia representativa e seu caminhar até a gestão participativa e os avanços na atualidade, no caso brasileiro, assim como o escopo da discussão em torno dos conselhos hoje. Segue-se uma contextualização do objeto de estudo, a partir da qual se desdobram os resultados e elucidações. Foi possível observar, dessa maneira, que os conselhos ainda estão em vias de organização, e que precisam se fundar como instituição estável para prestar uma representação adequada, baseada em accountability, ou prestação e contas, e diálogo. Ainda não é comum a prática de trazer ao Conselho as demandas das categorias representadas, e sim os pontos de vista de cada indivíduo eleito. Para tal, quatro frentes de otimização são propostas: a comunicativa, a institucional/gerencial, a estruturante de rede e a regulatória.PALAVRAS-CHAVE Conselhos de Políticas Públicas, representação, gestão participativa, democracia.ABSTRACT This research has, as objective, to discuss the new process of representation and participation arising from the Brazilian 1988 Constitution’s democratic opening, specially Public Policy Councils. After all, what are the contributions, in fact, to democracy, magnifying of the debate and society empowerment proceeding from Councils? As particular object of study, it had the current management (2009-2012) of the City Council of Education of São Bernardo do Campo. The article begins with a theoretical quarrel on the representative democracy and its way until the participatory management and the advances at present time in the Brazilian case, as well as the target of the quarrel around the Councils today. A contextualization of the study object is followed, from which it unfolds the results and briefings. It was possible to observe, in this way, that the Councils still are in its organization ways, and that they still need to establish as steady institution to give an adjusted representation, established in accountability and dialogue. The practice to bring to the Council the demands of the represented categories are not yet the practical, but only the individual points of view of each counselor. For this, four fronts of optimization are considered: the communicative, institutional/managerial, the net structuring and the regulatory one.KEYWORDS Public Policy Councils, representation, participatory management, democracy

A atuação d’A Rocha no Brasil: percepções sobre o cuidado ambiental no meio protestante brasileiro

Esta pesquisa investiga a atuação da organização ambiental cristã A Rocha Brasil de 2006 a 2020. O primeiro capítulo traz resumos (1) da situação atual da emergência climática, (2) da relação do protestantismo com o meio ambiente em nível global desde a sua fundação e (3) de uma linha missiológica protestante contemporânea – a do evangelho social, que tem relação com a chamada teologia da missão integral – em que o cuidado com a criação é uma das prioridades. À luz desse contexto, no segundo capítulo explora-se a história da organização A Rocha International desde o projeto embrionário no Algarve, em Portugal, até a vinda da ONG para o Brasil a partir de um grupo de cristãos protestantes inspirados pelo livro de Peter Harris, fundador d’A Rocha. Abordam-se as diferenças da atuação brasileira em comparação com outras organizações nacionais d’A Rocha ao redor do mundo, a base teológica por ela defendida, os projetos que desenvolveu no País junto às igrejas (especialmente a Rede de Transformação – ReT), as dificuldades que enfrentou – financiamento, polarização política e questões na equipe, por exemplo – e os materiais que produziu tais como livros, vídeos, cartilhas e guias de estudo. A partir disso, traçam-se percepções sobre o cuidado ambiental no meio protestante brasileiro. Apesar de ter encerrado suas atividades em 2020, a Rocha Brasil deixou um legado significativo. O impacto da organização em sensibilizar o meio protestante para a crise ambiental é percebido em diferentes frentes: em organizações similares como o movimento Renovar Nosso Mundo e em esforços de preservação ambiental de áreas, no conteúdo produzido por diferentes denominações protestantes a respeito do cuidado ambiental, em seminários que incluem o tema em seu currículo etcThis research investigates the work of the Christian environmental organization A Rocha Brasil from 2006 to 2020. The first chapter brings summaries of (1) the current situation of the climate emergency, (2) the relationship of Protestantism with the environment at a global level since its foundation, and (3) of a contemporary Protestant missiological line – that of the social gospel, which is related to the so-called theology of integral mission – in which care for creation is one of the priorities. Considering this context, the second chapter explores the history of A Rocha International from the embryonic project in the Algarve, Portugal, to the NGO's arrival in Brazil from a group of Protestant Christians inspired by the book by Peter Harris, founder of A Rocha. It addresses the differences in Brazil's performance compared to other national organizations of A Rocha around the world, the theological basis it defends, the projects it developed in the country with the churches (especially the Transformation Network – ReT), the difficulties it faced – funding, political polarization and issues in the team, for example – and the materials it produced such as books, videos, booklets and study guides. From this, perceptions about environmental care in the Brazilian Protestant milieu are outlined. Despite having closed its activities in 2020, Rocha Brasil left a significant legacy. The organization's impact in sensitizing the Protestant milieu to the environmental crisis is perceived on different fronts: in similar organizations such as the Renovar Nosso Mundo movement and in efforts to preserve the environment of areas, in the content produced by different Protestant denominations regarding environmental care, in seminars that include the theme in their curriculum etcCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPESFundação São Paulo – FUNDAS

A cortical motor nucleus drives the basal ganglia-recipient thalamus in singing birds

The pallido-recipient thalamus transmits information from the basal ganglia to the cortex and is critical for motor initiation and learning. Thalamic activity is strongly inhibited by pallidal inputs from the basal ganglia, but the role of nonpallidal inputs, such as excitatory inputs from cortex, remains unclear. We simultaneously recorded from presynaptic pallidal axon terminals and postsynaptic thalamocortical neurons in a basal ganglia–recipient thalamic nucleus that is necessary for vocal variability and learning in zebra finches. We found that song-locked rate modulations in the thalamus could not be explained by pallidal inputs alone and persisted following pallidal lesion. Instead, thalamic activity was likely driven by inputs from a motor cortical nucleus that is also necessary for singing. These findings suggest a role for cortical inputs to the pallido-recipient thalamus in driving premotor signals that are important for exploratory behavior and learning.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01DC009183)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant K99NS067062)Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship)Charles A. King Trust (Postdoctoral Fellowship

Controle social através do monitoramento de metas municipais por meio de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação na região metropolitana do estado de São Paulo: Social control by monitoring municipal goals through Information and Communication Technologies in the metropolitan region of São Paulo

Um dos instrumentos apresentados pela vertente gerencialista da Administração Pública está centrada na gestão de resultados. Este artigo apresenta como a contratualização de metas ou resultados pode subsidiar estratégias de controle social, a partir de seu monitoramento por meio de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs). A partir desta argumentação, foram estudados os 39 municípios da região metropolitana do Estado de São Paulo, a fim de verificar se os municípios da região metropolitana de São Paulo se apropriaram do estabelecimento de metas de gestão como instrumento de políticas públicas; e se é possível, através das TICs, controlar socialmente a administração pública através de suas metas estabelecidas. Com apenas 2 municípios contando com instrumentos de controle por resultados, é feita uma discussão sobre a falta de apropriação deste instrumento e também das TICs pelos municípios, e como este processo influencia negativamente o controle social.&nbsp