Energy demand and efficiency measures in polymer processing: comparison between temperate and Mediterranean operating plants

Polymer processing is an energy-intensive industry. The plastification of polymers requires a high volume of electric power for thermal energy. Electricity based power is the common form of energy in polymer processing and provides obvious potential for a reduction in energy use and costs. Measures to avoid production-based conversion losses, total conversion and transportation losses in energy used all have social, national, economic and business relevance. A bottom-up evaluation of four different production factories in this study assesses the potential for energy use improvements. The resulting theoretical assessment suggested that reducing primary energy demand is the most powerful target for reducing energy intensity in the polymer industry followed by the introduction of improved technologies to raise energy efficiency. The transferability of the conclusions was supported by the comparison between two different geographic locations for polymer production in Germany and Western Australia. The findings of this research suggest potential in their use in ‘green’ decision-making in the plastics industry

Implications of Life Cycle Energy Assessment of a new school building, regarding the nearly Zero Energy Buildings targets in EU: A case of Study

Lately EU has promoted several policies with the aim of reducing buildings energy impact. Despite such policies have successfully contributed to reduce residential buildings (RBs) energy consumption, non-residential buildings (NRBs) have shown an increasing of operational energy demand by 15.7%, during last decade. On the one hand, energy impacts are underestimated since only primary energy consumption (PEC) is considered while other energies, such as those related to the construction phase, replacements, or end-use phase, are missed. On the other hand, policies commonly lack of specific standards regarding NRBs since NRBs heterogeneity makes its standardization difficult. Therefore, with the aim of contributing to literature and in order to show the true impact of the overall energy consumption, this paper assesses a new school building. This was erected in partnership with constructors and energy consumption has been measured for two years. Calculations have been based on the Life cycle energy assessment methodology by taking into account the pre-use phase, the use phase and the estimated post-use phase. It has been concluded that, despite the building was designed for a very low PEC (<92 kWh m−2 year−1) this consumption only represents 56% of the total demanded energy along the building life cycle