Radiochemical Studies of 99Tc and 14C in Environmental Samples

99Tc, the most crucial technetium isotope enviromentally, is a pure, weak beta-emitter with maximum energy 0.292 Mev and specific activity of 630 kBq mg-1. 99Tc is mainly released to the environment as waste discharge from nuclear reprocessing facilities and from previous nuclear atmospheric detonation tests and nuclear accidents. Because of its long half-life and current interest in the collective long-term dose, it is necessary to establish a knowledge of the behaviour of 99Tc in the environment for complete assessment of the impact of nuclear industry. Effort has been made to develop a radiochemical method which can be applied to environmental samples in order to gain information by obtaining more accurate and precise data to assess the impact of Tc releases on man. Attention has been focussed for this purpose on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), a new powerful technique for elemental and isotopic analysis which combines the remarkable characteristics of the ICP for atomizing and ionizing injected samples with the sensitivity and selectivity of mass spectrometry. Hence, with the advent of ICP-MS as a highly sensitive method of detection of long-lived radionuclides, this has been investigated and successfully applied to 99Tc analysis. Technetium from large volume water samples was concentrated by anion exchange (Dowex 1-X8) resin and recovered by elution with 12M HNO3. Biological (algae) samples were dissolved in 9M HNO3 by refluxing, followed by filtration, and, as with the water sample eluate, evaporated and redissolved in 2M H2SO4. Soil (silt) and sediment samples were ashed at 600C, treated with 2M H2SO4 containing 2 cm3 H2O2 added to the ash, and finally the solution was filtered to provide a clear solution. Since ICP-MS is based on the measurement of the mass of an element, isobaric interferences at mass 99 must be eliminated as far as possible. For 99Tc, 99Mo is not a problem as this radionuclide decays with a half life of 67 hrs and after few days will have gone. The other isobaric nuclide is 99Ru. 99Ru is stable and 12.7% abundant in natural ruthenium which occurs in the environment and is a key problem. Two methods were used for the decontamination from Ru. The first method consisted of a series of steps, involving valency control with H2O2 and NaCIO, boiling from H2SO4 solution and solvent extractions with CCl4, cyclohexanone and triisooctylamine(TIOA)-xylene. The second method included: the boiling of H2SO4 media, NaOH elution and TIOA-xylene extraction. After treatment to remove Ru, the resulting solution was adjusted to pH 7 and passed through Dowex 1-X8 resin in order to get a clear solution in 2% HNO3 with a salt concentration of <0.1%. 99mTc and 95mTc tracers were used to determine radiochemical yields; 99Tc for method calibration, Ru standard solution to check decontamination and Rh for monitoring the response of the ICP-MS instrument. Two reference materials i.e. IAEA marine algae and BNFL seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) were analysed for intercomparison studies. The % chemical yield for water samples was found to be 65+/-15, for biological material (algae) 70+/-11 and for soil (silt) samples 65+/-15. The limit of detection of 99Tc by ICP-MS was 0.004 ppb. Various types of samples were analysed in order to verify the new ICP-MS procedures and to determine environmental 99Tc levels as follows: in order to check the liquid discharges and dilution of 99Tc from the Sellafield Reprocessing Plant, Fucus vesiculosus was collected from many relevant coastal sites as it is a well known bioindicator for various radionuclides including Tc; the Ascophyllum/Fucus ratio values were measured and were in good agreement with the literature values; the levels of 99Tc in Porphyra and water samples were below the detection limit; moss and lichen samples were collected from an undisturbed area 1 km east of the Chernobyl site, but the 99Tc concentrations were below the limit of detection. Another problem addressed in the present work was the measurement of environmental 14C contamination in the air from a low power (300 kW) training reactor namely, that at the Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre, East Kilbride near Glasgow. For analysis, air from the reactor stack, the reactor hall and two sites in the immediate vicinity (downwind on the east side of the reactor stack) was passed through 0. 1M barium carbonate to collect CO2 as precipitated barium carbonate and the carbon converted to benzene. 14C was measured in this form by liquid scintillation counting using a Tricarb 2260XL instrument (Packard Instrument Company). All the four sites showed enhancement when the reactor was running. The reactor stack and the reactor hall showed some enhanced activity even when the reactor was shut down. The 14C released from the reactor corresponded to = 12 MBq y-1

Analisis Modal Sosial pada Himpunan Pelajar Mahasiswa Pelalawan (Hipmawan) di Pekanbaru

This study discusses the social capital within the Association of Students Pelalawan (HIPMAWAN) Pekanbaru. Social capital within the Association of Students Pelalawan (HIPMAWAN) Pekanbaru can be seen through some of the indicators of which is the notion of social capital, social capital within an organization, the elements of social capital, social interaction and social networks. The subjects were students who are members of the Association of Students Pelalawan (HIPMAWAN) Pekanbaru. The method used in this research is purposive sampling and analysis of the data used is descriptive and qualitative analysis. Data collected by using interviews and documentation. The theory used is the theory of social capital. This study aims to determine what kind of social capital and what activities are carried out by the Association of Students Pelalawan (HIPMAWAN) Pekanbaru. Results of this study is the social capital that exist within HIPMAWAN is based on the equation, namely the area of origin of students Pelalawan and all activities undertaken by HIPMAWAN is based for the progress and welfare of society and Pelalawan

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK DAUN SIRIH HIJAU (Piper betle L.) DALAM MENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz & Sacc. SECARA IN VITRO

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc merupakan fungi fitopatogen yang menyebabkan penyakit antraknosa sehingga perlu dikendalikan. Pengendalian yang ramah lingkungan dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan ekstrak daun sirih hijau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi ekstrak daun sirih hijau terbaik dan efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan C. gloeosporioides secara in vitro. Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan pada Bulan Juli sampai Agustus 2021 di Laboratorium Patologi, Entomologi, Mikrobiologi dan Ilmu Tanah Fakultas Pertanian dan Peternakan Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. Penelitian dilakukan melalui percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan yakni 5 konsentrasi ekstrak daun sirih hijau (0; 1,25; 2,5; 3,75; dan 5%) dengan 4 ulangan. Parameter meliputi morfologi koloni, diameter koloni, laju pertumbuhan, dan daya hambat koloni C. gloeosporioides. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan pemberian konsentrasi ekstrak daun sirih hijau berpengaruh terhadap bentuk morfologi koloni, menurunkan laju pertumbuhan koloni, diameter koloni, dan meningkatkan daya hambat terhadap koloni C. gloeosporioides. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi 5% merupakan konsentrasi terbaik dengan kriteria cukup efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan C. gloeosporioides secara in vitro. Kata kunci: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, fungisida, sirih hijau

SEXUAL AND CYBER BULLYING IN JAY ASHER’S THIRTEEN REASONS WHY: AN ISLAMIC ANALYSIS

This paper is entitled “Sexual and cyber bullying in Jay Asher’s Thirteen Reasons Why: An Islamic Analysis”. The objectives of the paper are: 1) to identify the types of bullying as seen in the novel, and 2) to explore sexual and cyber bullying experienced by Hannah Baker. The subject in this paper is the novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher. The object in this paper is the bullying experienced by Hannah Baker. This paper can be categorized into library research and applies descriptive qualitative method. The findings are: first, types of bullying in the novel as follows: (1) written bullying, (2) sexual harassment, (3) cyber bullying, (4) social bullying, (5) physical bullying, (6) verbal bullying, and (7) psychological bullying. Second, Bryce Walker and Marcus Cole did sexual harassment; then Justin Foley did cyber bullying to Hannah Baker

SEXUAL AND CYBER BULLYING IN JAY ASHER’S THIRTEEN REASONS WHY: AN ISLAMIC ANALYSIS

This paper is entitled “Sexual and cyber bullying in Jay Asher’s Thirteen Reasons Why: An Islamic Analysis”. The objectives of the paper are: 1) to identify the types of bullying as seen in the novel, and 2) to explore sexual and cyber bullying experienced by Hannah Baker. The subject in this paper is the novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher. The object in this paper is the bullying experienced by Hannah Baker. This paper can be categorized into library research and applies descriptive qualitative method. The findings are: first, types of bullying in the novel as follows: (1) written bullying, (2) sexual harassment, (3) cyber bullying, (4) social bullying, (5) physical bullying, (6) verbal bullying, and (7) psychological bullying. Second, Bryce Walker and Marcus Cole did sexual harassment; then Justin Foley did cyber bullying to Hannah Baker

SEJARAH DAN PERKEMBANGAN KERAJINAN ANYAMAN BAMBU DI DESA RAJAPOLAH KECAMATAN RAJAPOLAH KABUPATEN TASIKMALAYA

Desa Rajapolah merupakan salah satu wilayah pengrajin anyaman bambu yang berada di daerah Kabupaten Tasikmalaya Provinsi Jawa Barat, tumbuhan bambu yang ada di Desa Rajapolah terbilang cukup banyak dan tumbuh subur, masyarakat di Desa Rajapolah memanfaatkan bambu sebagai bahan baku untuk membuat kerajinan seperti anyaman. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mengetahui sejarah kerajinan anyaman bambu (2) mengetahui perkembangan kerajinan anyaman bambu (3) mengetahui proses pembuatan kerajinan anyaman bambu. Dalam penyusunan skripsi ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang meliputi heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Selain itu penulis juga menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan agar dapat menyajikan tulisan yang komprehensif. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah: Pertama, kerajinan anyaman bambu di Desa Rajapolah merupakan usaha turun-temurun yang sampai saat ini dijalani. Kedua, perkembangan kerajinan anyaman bambu di Desa Rajapolah dapat dilihat dari sumber daya manusia, tingkat produksi, inovasi produk, dan pengembangan pasar. Dalam perkembangan kerajinan anyaman bambu di Desa Rajapolah tidak terlepas dari kontribusi Pemerintah Daerah, upaya yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Daerah dalam mengembangkan kerajinan anyaman bambu ini adalah pemberian bantuan dana, mengadakan pelatihan, mengajak kerja sama antara pengrajin dan pengusaha kerajinan. hal ini dilakukan supaya kerajinan anyaman bambu di Desa Rajapolah dapat terus berkembang dan dilestarikan serta dapat bersaing dengan produk modern

Implementation of Quality Improvement Tools In Brass Industry To Improve Quality & Enhance Productivity

Significance of quality with increased productivity at an affordable cost is out of question. In this regard, applications of Statistical Quality Tools go a long way not only to improve the quality of a product but also to eliminate the causes, which gave birth to Non – Conforming units. In engineering production units where workforce is unaware to Quality Management system (QMS) it is very difficult to manage production with in acceptable quality standard. Heavy input costs at shrunk/ reduced outputs are no longer sustainable. In most of the production units the rejection of components is never analyzed and resultantly factors causing these high rejection percentages are not rooted out. The focus of study here has been Brass Industry with special emphasis on reducing rejection percentage to a lower possible limit in 70:30 Brass strip and Gilding Metal Claded Steel (GMCS Strip). Initially, data regarding rejection in Brass and GMCS Strip was collected for complete analysis. The process of applying relevant Statistical Quality Tools was started in order to find out the major defects and the root causes of the same. The analysis made so far revealed that existing rejection percentage in Brass and GMCS Strip has been in the range of Fifteen percent (15%) and Twenty one percent (21%) respectively, which is an alarming situation. The ultimate end of the study was to reduce the existing rejection percentage to a range of 8 – 10 % in Brass, and 12 – 14 % in GMCS, and thereby improve the quality, savings, enhance productivity and hence to reduce the wastages. Keywords: Quality improvement tools, brass industry, productivity and qualit

Adaptation Strategies in Response to the Effect of Climate Change on Tomato Production

Climate change is one of the largest challenge of this century. Globally, climate change causes drops in yield for their most valuable crops, particularly in developing countries. Afghanistan is one of the world's most vulnerable countries to the negative consequences of climate change. Tomato cultivation is a means of livelihood for most farmers in Afghanistan. The aim of this study was to assess the adaptation strategies on tomato production in response to the impact of climate change in Ghazni province. The study findings indicate a rise in both maximum and minimum temperatures, combined with a decline in annual precipitation over the ten years (2008-2017) period in an unreliable seasonal distribution. The study found that the occurrence of pests and diseases had a substantial impact on tomato production due to climate change. Present study highlights the role of climate variables in the production of tomatoes (temperature and precipitation) while controlling other confounding factors. Selection of crop variety according to climate change and planting time are the two adaptation methods to cope up with the drastic change in the climate to retain the productivity to some extent