Aflatoxin M1 in milk and distribution and stability of aflatoxin M1 during production and storage of yoghurt and cheese

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Brazilian milk and infant formula. The distribution and stability of AFM1 in cheese and yoghurt were also determined. Milk samples and infant formula samples were purchased in Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil and were analyzed for AFM1 using immunoaffinity column purification, liquid chromatography separation and fluorescence detection. AFM1 was detected in 83% of the milk samples (>3 ng/kg) with levels ranging from 8 to 437 ng/kg for fluid milk, and 20–760 ng/kg for powdered milk. No AFM1 was found in infant formula. Processing and storage was shown to have little effect on AFM1 content in milk and milk products. Total AFM1 mass in milk was reduced by 3.2% in cheese and by 6% in yoghurt (pH 4.4). The mean concentration of AFM1 in curds was 1.9-fold higher and whey was 0.6-fold lower than in unprocessed milk

Parâmetros físico-químicos incomuns em água de abastecimento público de um município da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil)

Public water supply samples (n = 4347) from 88 municipalities in the northeast of the State of São Paulo (Brazil) were analysed in 21 physico-chemical parameters: temperature, conductivity (by conductimetry), free residual chlorine (colorimetry with N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine), pH (potentiometry), apparent color (spectrophotometry), turbidity (nephelometry), and concentrations of Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, F-, ClO2-, BrO3-, Cl-, Br-, ClO3-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42- (ion chromatography). The results were submitted to multivariate data analysis. The principal component analysis of 12 variable medians (pH, conductivity, Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, ClO3-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-) from 88 municipalities indicated Ibitinga as the locality with the public water supply having physicochemical characteristics unique in the region, characterized by higher relative concentrations of sulphate, chloride, lithium, and sodium, and higher values of pH and conductivity. Additionally, Ibitinga was the only municipality that systematically presented bromide in the water composition. A second principal component analysis on 79 samples of Ibitinga has indicated a sample with higher concentrations of chloride and sulphate, and 4 samples where the presence of nitrate was characteristic. Hierarchical cluster analysis exhibited the clustering of these groups produced in two component analysis. Validation of methods based on ion chromatography is also presented.Amostras de águas de abastecimento público (n = 4347) de 88 municípios do nordeste do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil) foram analisadas em 21 parâmetros físico-químicos: temperatura, condutividade (por condutimetria), cloro residual livre (colorimetria com N,N-dietil-p-fenilenodiamina), pH (potenciometria), cor aparente (espectrofotometria), turbidez (nefelometria), e concentrações de Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, F-, ClO2-, BrO3-, Cl-, Br-, ClO3-, NO3-, PO43- e SO42- (cromatografia de íons). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise multivariada de dados. A análise de componentes principais das medianas de 12 variáveis (pH, condutividade, Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, ClO3-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-) dos 88 municípios indicou Ibitinga como local com água de características físico-químicas únicas, caracterizada pelas concentrações relativas mais altas de sulfato, cloreto, lítio e sódio, e aos valores maiores de pH e condutividade. Em adição, Ibitinga foi o único município que apresentou sistematicamente brometo na composição da água. Uma segunda análise de componentes principais envolvendo as amostras de Ibitinga indicou uma amostra com concentrações mais altas de cloreto e sulfato, e quatro amostras nas quais a presença de nitrato foi característica. Análises de agrupamento hierárquico exibiram a formação dos mesmos grupos produzidos nas duas análises de componentes. A validação dos métodos cromatográficos também é apresentada

Avaliação da qualidade da fluoretação de águas de abastecimento público em 88 municípios da região Nordeste do estado de São Paulo (Brasil)

Introduction: During 1 year, the Núcleo de Ciências Químicas e Bromatológicas do Centro de Laboratório Regional do Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Ribeirão Preto (SP, Brasil) has increased the number of public water supply samples analyzed for fluoride concentration in relation to what is usually requested by 88 Municipal Sanitary Surveillance of Northeast State of São Paulo (Brazil). Objective: To verify if fluoridation indicators values will vary when increasing the number of samples analyzed and to assess the quality of fluoridation in the region. Method: Fluoride was determined by ion chromatography in samples collected by Sanitary Surveillances. Results: Indicators values of fluoridation obtained in the two sampling (Sanitary Surveillances and expanded) were similar for most cases. The mapping indicated a greater number of municipalities with values greater than 80% in Regional Departments of Health of Barretos and Franca, while in Araraquara and Ribeirão Preto prevail indicator values lower than 40%. Conclusions: Investment and technical assistance are insufficient to increase the values above 80% in municipalities with small populations. For the cases in which the values are smaller than 40% an approach based on the similarity between municipalities is suggested to increase these values.Introdução: Durante um ano, o Núcleo de Ciências Químicas e Bromatológicas do Centro de Laboratório Regional do Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Ribeirão Preto (SP, Brasil) aumentou o número de amostras de águas de abastecimento público analisadas para concentração de fluoreto em relação ao que é normalmente solicitado por 88 Vigilâncias Sanitárias Municipais do Nordeste do estado de São Paulo (Brasil). Objetivo: Verificar se os valores dos Indicadores de Fluoretação variam quando se aumenta o número de amostras analisadas e avaliar a qualidade da fluoretação na região. Método: Fluoreto foi determinado por cromatografia de íons em amostras coletadas pelas Vigilâncias Sanitárias. Resultados: Os valores dos Indicadores de Fluoretação obtidos nas duas amostragens (das Vigilâncias e as ampliadas) foram similares para a maioria dos casos. O mapeamento indicou um maior número de municípios com indicadores maiores que 80% nos Departamentos Regionais de Saúde de Barretos e Franca, enquanto nos de Araraquara e Ribeirão Preto prevalecem indicadores menores que 40%. Conclusões: Investimento e assessoria técnica são insuficientes para elevar os indicadores a valores acima de 80% em municípios com populações pequenas. Para os casos em que os valores são menores que 40% sugere-se uma abordagem baseada na similaridade entre municípios para se aumentar esses valores

Mapeamento da qualidade da água de abastecimento público no nordeste do estado de São Paulo (Brasil)

This paper presents data obtained on microbiological and physico-chemical analysis of 4347 public water supply samples from 88 municipalities in the Northeast region of the state of São Paulo, carried out within a year. In microbiological analysis, 288 samples showed positive results for indicator microorganisms, occurring an increase of 80% in the rainy season compared with the dry period. Physico-chemical analysis: in 1514 samples, lithium concentration was equal to or higher than the detection limit of the method; the nitrate concentration was greater than the maximum value allowed in 17 samples; 1730 samples showed fluoride content out-of-range of drinking pattern; bromate concentration was greater than the maximum value allowed in 16 samples; the pH value was outside the range recommended in 161 samples; 292 samples showed levels of free residual chlorine (FRC) outside the recommended range; 17 samples showed apparent color values above the maximum allowed; 13 samples showed turbidity values above the maximum allowed. By means of principal components analysis, it was possible to discriminate the waters of the region, with the formation of groups of municipalities with similar physico-chemical profiles, generating a mapping based on prominent variables.Esse trabalho apresenta dados obtidos em análises microbiológicas e físico-químicas de 4.347 amostras de águas de abastecimento público de 88 municípios da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, realizadas no período de um ano. Nos ensaios microbiológicos, 288 amostras apresentaram resultado positivo para microrganismos indicadores, ocorrendo um acréscimo de 80% no período de chuvas em comparação com o período de seca. Nos ensaios físico-químicos: em 1.514 amostras, a concentração de lítio foi igual ou superior ao limite de detecção do método; a concentração de nitrato foi superior ao valor máximo permitido em 17 amostras; 1.730 amostras apresentaram teor de fluoreto fora da faixa do padrão de potabilidade; a concentração de bromato foi superior ao valor máximo permitido em 16 amostras; o valor de pH situou-se fora do intervalo recomendado em 161 amostras; 292 amostras apresentaram teores de cloro residual livre fora da faixa recomendada; 17 amostras apresentaram valores de cor aparente acima do máximo permitido; 13 amostras apresentaram valores de turbidez acima do máximo permitido. Através da análise de componentes principais foi possível discriminar as águas de abastecimento da região, com a formação de grupos de municípios com águas de perfis físico-químicos similares, gerando um mapeamento baseado em variáveis proeminentes

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

Funding GMP, PN, and CW are supported by NHLBI R01HL127564. GMP and PN are supported by R01HL142711. AG acknowledge support from the Wellcome Trust (201543/B/16/Z), European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007–2013 under grant agreement no. HEALTH-F2-2013–601456 (CVGenes@Target) & the TriPartite Immunometabolism Consortium [TrIC]-Novo Nordisk Foundation’s Grant number NNF15CC0018486. JMM is supported by American Diabetes Association Innovative and Clinical Translational Award 1–19-ICTS-068. SR was supported by the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (Grant No 312062), the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, and University of Helsinki HiLIFE Fellow and Grand Challenge grants. EW was supported by the Finnish innovation fund Sitra (EW) and Finska Läkaresällskapet. CNS was supported by American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowships 15POST24470131 and 17POST33650016. Charles N Rotimi is supported by Z01HG200362. Zhe Wang, Michael H Preuss, and Ruth JF Loos are supported by R01HL142302. NJT is a Wellcome Trust Investigator (202802/Z/16/Z), is the PI of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (MRC & WT 217065/Z/19/Z), is supported by the University of Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215–2001) and the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00011), and works within the CRUK Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme (C18281/A19169). Ruth E Mitchell is a member of the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol funded by the MRC (MC_UU_00011/1). Simon Haworth is supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Academic Clinical Fellowship. Paul S. de Vries was supported by American Heart Association grant number 18CDA34110116. Julia Ramierz acknowledges support by the People Programme of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme grant n° 608765 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant n° 786833. Maria Sabater-Lleal is supported by a Miguel Servet contract from the ISCIII Spanish Health Institute (CP17/00142) and co-financed by the European Social Fund. Jian Yang is funded by the Westlake Education Foundation. Olga Giannakopoulou has received funding from the British Heart Foundation (BHF) (FS/14/66/3129). CHARGE Consortium cohorts were supported by R01HL105756. Study-specific acknowledgements are available in the Additional file 32: Supplementary Note. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the National Institutes of Health; or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Background: Genetic variants within nearly 1000 loci are known to contribute to modulation of blood lipid levels. However, the biological pathways underlying these associations are frequently unknown, limiting understanding of these findings and hindering downstream translational efforts such as drug target discovery. Results: To expand our understanding of the underlying biological pathways and mechanisms controlling blood lipid levels, we leverage a large multi-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,654,960) of blood lipids to prioritize putative causal genes for 2286 lipid associations using six gene prediction approaches. Using phenome-wide association (PheWAS) scans, we identify relationships of genetically predicted lipid levels to other diseases and conditions. We confirm known pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular phenotypes and determine novel associations, notably with cholelithiasis risk. We perform sex-stratified GWAS meta-analysis of lipid levels and show that 3–5% of autosomal lipid-associated loci demonstrate sex-biased effects. Finally, we report 21 novel lipid loci identified on the X chromosome. Many of the sex-biased autosomal and X chromosome lipid loci show pleiotropic associations with sex hormones, emphasizing the role of hormone regulation in lipid metabolism. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings provide insights into the biological mechanisms through which associated variants lead to altered lipid levels and potentially cardiovascular disease risk.Peer reviewe

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

Abstract Background Genetic variants within nearly 1000 loci are known to contribute to modulation of blood lipid levels. However, the biological pathways underlying these associations are frequently unknown, limiting understanding of these findings and hindering downstream translational efforts such as drug target discovery. Results To expand our understanding of the underlying biological pathways and mechanisms controlling blood lipid levels, we leverage a large multi-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,654,960) of blood lipids to prioritize putative causal genes for 2286 lipid associations using six gene prediction approaches. Using phenome-wide association (PheWAS) scans, we identify relationships of genetically predicted lipid levels to other diseases and conditions. We confirm known pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular phenotypes and determine novel associations, notably with cholelithiasis risk. We perform sex-stratified GWAS meta-analysis of lipid levels and show that 3–5% of autosomal lipid-associated loci demonstrate sex-biased effects. Finally, we report 21 novel lipid loci identified on the X chromosome. Many of the sex-biased autosomal and X chromosome lipid loci show pleiotropic associations with sex hormones, emphasizing the role of hormone regulation in lipid metabolism. Conclusions Taken together, our findings provide insights into the biological mechanisms through which associated variants lead to altered lipid levels and potentially cardiovascular disease risk

Aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in human milk in Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil

The objective of this study was to determine the extent of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in human breast milk in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. During 2012, 100 samples of human milk were collected at the local Human Milk Bank. The method comprised, immunoaffinity column purification and isolation, liquid chromatography separation and fluorescence detection. The average percentage recoveries of AFM1 and OTA spiked at 20 and 50 ng/L in control human milk were 78.1 ± 11.7% and 73.7 ± 9.6%, respectively. The average relative standard deviations of AFM1 and OTA spiked at the same levels were 11.7 and 9.6% respectively. The limits of detection was 0.3 ng/L for AFM1 and OTA. The limit of determination was 0.8 ng/L for both mycotoxins. This method was used to analyze 100 human milk samples, of which, two samples were found to contain AFM1 at level greater than 0.3 ng/L. OTA was detected in 66 samples (66%), wherein 32 were above the limit of detection and 34 were in the range of from 0.8 to 21 ng/L. Results of our study indicate that breast-fed Brazilian infants had only an insignificant exposure to AFM1 and OTA

Cinética e mecanismo da reação de auto-oxidação de S(IV) catalisada por íons metálicos de transição

The oxidation process of sulfur (IV) species (SO2, HSO3- e SO32-) by oxygen, catalysed by trace metal ion and complexes, can play an important role in atmospheric, analytical and bioinorganic chemistry. An overview of the most important reactions in these fields is presented. A fascinating redox cycling of the metal ions and complexes during such autoxidation process was revealed by the combination of kinetics and coordination chemistry studies