Å gi de stille barna en stemme

I bacheloroppgaven vår har vi valgt å skrive rundt problemstillingen "Hvordan inkluderer barnehagepersonalet de stille barna til å medvirke i barnehagehverdagen?”. Vi har gjennom denne oppgaven undersøkt hva som blant annet kjennetegner de stille barna og hvordan personalet jobber med å inkludere dem til medvirkning i hverdagen. Vi har valgt å ta i bruk kvalitativ metode, hvor vi har intervjuet tre pedagogiske ledere fra ulike barnehager. I intervjuene kom det fram at informantene kjennetegnet de stille barna som barn som er profesjonelle på å gjemme seg og ofte stiller seg til veggen vekk fra fellesskapet. For at de stille barna skulle få en mulighet til å medvirke i barnehagehverdagen, kom det fram at voksenrollen og deres holdninger og tilrettelegging av miljø har en stor betydning, hvor et bra foreldresamarbeid spiller en viktig faktor

Evidence for an extended scattered disk

By telescopic tracking, we have established that the orbit of the trans-neptunian object (2000 CR$_{105}$) has a perihelion of $\simeq$44 AU, and is thus outside the domain controlled by strong gravitational close encounters with Neptune. Because this object is on a very large, eccentric orbit (with semimajor axis $a\simeq$216 AU and eccentricity $e\simeq$0.8) this object must have been placed on this orbit by a gravitational perturbation which is {\it not} direct gravitational scattering off of any of the giant planets (on their current orbits). The existence of this object may thus have profound cosmogonic implications for our understanding of the formation of the outer Solar System. We discuss some viable scenarios which could have produced it, including long-term diffusive chaos and scattering off of other massive bodies in the outer Solar System. This discovery implies that there must be a large population of trans-neptunian objects in an `extended scattered disk' with perihelia above the previously-discussed 38 AU boundary.Comment: 22 test pages, 4 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to Icarus, 26 March 200

A retrospective study of MR imaging in dogs with seizures

The diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy is done by exclusion of all other known causes. This is done by a thorough history, clinical signs, negative laboratory (CBC, biochemistry, urinalysis, and CSF), EEG and different imaging techniques, where MRI plays a crucial role (DeLahunta and Glass 2009). An important purpose of our study was to determine the ratio of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and symptomatic epilepsy (SE) in our patient population compared to previously done studies

Mutation of N-glycosylation Sites in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Envelope Proteins Attenuate the Virus in Cell Culture

Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the cause of pancreas disease and sleeping disease in farmed salmonid fish in Europe. The spread of these diseases has been difficult to control with biosecurity and current vaccination strategies, and increased understanding of the viral pathogenesis could be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine strategies. N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins may be crucial for viral virulence and a possible target for its purposed attenuation. In this study, we mutated the N-glycosylation consensus motifs of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of a SAV3 infectious clone using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutation of the glycosylation motif in E1 gave a complete inactivation of the virus as no viral replication could be detected in cell culture and infectious particles could not be rescued. In contrast, infectious virus particles could be recovered from the SAV3 E2 mutants (E2319Q, E2319A), but not if they were accompanied by lack of N-glycosylation in E1. Compared to the non-mutated infectious clone, the SAV3-E2319Q and SAV3-E2319A recombinant viruses produced less cytopathic effects in cell culture and lower amounts of infectious viral particles. In conclusion, the substitution in the N-linked glycosylation site in E2 attenuated SAV3 in cell culture. The findings could be useful for immunization strategies using live attenuated vaccines and testing in fish will be desirable to study the clone’s properties in vivo

A retrospective study of MR imaging in dogs with seizures

The diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy is done by exclusion of all other known causes. This is done by a thorough history, clinical signs, negative laboratory (CBC, biochemistry, urinalysis, and CSF), EEG and different imaging techniques, where MRI plays a crucial role (DeLahunta and Glass 2009). An important purpose of our study was to determine the ratio of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and symptomatic epilepsy (SE) in our patient population compared to previously done studies

A national security strategy for England: Matthew Sutcliffe, the Earl of Essex, and the Cadiz Expedition of 1596

The English cleric Matthew Sutcliffe arguably produced the first comprehensive security concept in history. It had at its centre the war between England and Spain (1585-1604), and Sutcliffe advocated taking the war to the Iberian Peninsula to seize Philip II's main Atlantic ports, rather than remaining satisfied with the indirect combat of Spain in Flanders, defensive action against naval attacks on England and the guerre de course on Spanish shipping at sea. This approach seems to be at the heart of Essex's 1596 naval campaing against Spanish ports, which foundered on the bureaucratic politics of the Elizabethan government

Genetically modified attenuated salmonid alphavirus: A potential strategy for immunization of Atlantic salmon

Pancreas disease (PD) is a serious challenge in European salmonid aquaculture caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV). In this study, we report the effect of immunization of Atlantic salmon with three attenuated infectious SAV3 strains with targeted mutations in a glycosylation site of the envelope E2 protein and/or in a nuclear localization signal in the capsid protein. In a pilot experiment, it was shown that the mutated viral strains replicated in fish, transmitted to naïve cohabitants and that the transmission had not altered the sequences. In the main experiment, the fish were immunized with the strains and challenged with SAV3 eight weeks after immunization. Immunization resulted in infection both in injected fish and 2 weeks later in the cohabitant fish, followed by a persistent but declining load of the mutated virus variants in the hearts. The immunized fish developed clinical signs and pathology consistent with PD prior to challenge. However, fish injected with the virus mutated in both E2 and capsid showed little clinical signs and had higher average weight gain than the groups immunized with the single mutated variants. The SAV strain used for challenge was not detected in the immunized fish indicating that these fish were protected against superinfection with SAV during the 12 weeks of the experiment

Genetically modified attenuated salmonid alphavirus: A potential strategy for immunization of Atlantic salmon

Pancreas disease (PD) is a serious challenge in European salmonid aquaculture caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV). In this study, we report the effect of immunization of Atlantic salmon with three attenuated infectious SAV3 strains with targeted mutations in a glycosylation site of the envelope E2 protein and/or in a nuclear localization signal in the capsid protein. In a pilot experiment, it was shown that the mutated viral strains replicated in fish, transmitted to naïve cohabitants and that the transmission had not altered the sequences. In the main experiment, the fish were immunized with the strains and challenged with SAV3 eight weeks after immunization. Immunization resulted in infection both in injected fish and 2 weeks later in the cohabitant fish, followed by a persistent but declining load of the mutated virus variants in the hearts. The immunized fish developed clinical signs and pathology consistent with PD prior to challenge. However, fish injected with the virus mutated in both E2 and capsid showed little clinical signs and had higher average weight gain than the groups immunized with the single mutated variants. The SAV strain used for challenge was not detected in the immunized fish indicating that these fish were protected against superinfection with SAV during the 12 weeks of the experiment

Markers of remodeling in subcutaneous adipose tissue are strongly associated with overweight and insulin sensitivity in healthy non-obese men

Alteration in extracellular matrix (ECM) in adipose tissues (AT) has been associated with insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity. We investigated whether selected biomarkers of ECM remodeling in AT in healthy subjects associated with the amount and distribution of AT and with glucometabolic variables. Subcutaneous AT and fasting blood samples from 103 middle-aged healthy non-obese men were used. AT gene expression and circulating levels of the biomarkers were quantified. Distribution of AT was assessed by computed tomography, separated into subcutaneous, deep subcutaneous and visceral AT. Insulin sensitivity was measured by glucose clamp technique. Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression in AT correlated significantly to the amount of AT in all compartments (rs = 0.41–0.53, all p ≤ 0.01), and to insulin sensitivity, insulin, C-peptide, waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) (rs = 0.25–0.57, all p ≤ 0.05). MMP-9 was 5.3 fold higher in subjects with insulin sensitivity below median (p = 0.002) and 3.1 fold higher in subjects with BMI above median level (p = 0.013). In our healthy non-obese middle-aged population AT-expressed genes, central in remodeling of ECM, associated strongly with the amount of abdominal AT, overweight and insulin sensitivity, indicating AT-remodeling to play a role also in non-obese individuals. The remodeling process seems furthermore to associate significantly with glucometabolic disturbances

Detection of specific Atlantic salmon antibodies against salmonid alphavirus using a bead-based immunoassay

International audienceSalmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the etiological cause of pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Several vaccines against SAV are in use, but PD still cause significant mortality and concern in European aquaculture, raising the need for optimal tools to monitor SAV immunity. To monitor and control the distribution of PD in Norway, all salmonid farms are regularly screened for SAV by RT-qPCR. While the direct detection of SAV is helpful in the early stages of infection, serological methods could bring additional information on acquired SAV immunity in the later stages. Traditionally, SAV antibodies are monitored in neutralization assays, but they are time-consuming and cumbersome, thus alternative assays are warranted. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have not yet been successfully used for anti-SAV antibody detection in aquaculture. We aimed to develop a bead-based immunoassay for SAV-specific antibodies. By using detergent-treated SAV particles as antigens, we detected SAV-specific antibodies in plasma collected from both a SAV challenge trial and a field outbreak of PD. Increased levels of SAV-specific antibodies were seen after most fish had become negative for viral RNA. The bead-based assay is time saving compared to virus neutralization assays, and suitable for non-lethal testing due to low sample size requirements. We conclude that the bead-based immunoassay for SAV antibody detection is a promising diagnostic tool to complement SAV screening in aquaculture