The Seven Readings of the Qur'an: A Critical Study of Their Linguistic Differences

This thesis is intended as an attempt at a general investigation of the different linguistic features involved in the seven readings. It falls into eight chapters and a general conclusion. At the outset of the thesis, a list of the Arabic technical words is provided with their English equivalents. This is followed by a preface about the topic, its importance, the methods adopted in the thesis, and the main references. Chapter one gives the historical background of the Qur'an, its collection, its seven readings, and the seven readers. Chapter two deals with readings involving variations in siyagh, such as person, gender, number, tense, mood. etc. Index i provides a list of all readings involving siyagh variations . Chapter three deals with readings reflecting elements of lughat variation. Index ii provides a list of all readings involving lughat variations . Chapter four deals with readings involving nahw variation. Index iii provides a list of all readings involving nahw. Chapter five deals with readings involving some aspects of balagha. Index iv provides a list of all readings involving balagha. Chapter six deals with readings involving variations in nazm. Index v provides a list of all the nazm variations. Chapter seven deals with readings deriving from the different Uthmanic codices. Index vi provides a list of all the rasm al-mushaf variations. Chapter eight deals with readings involving variations in macna. Index vii provides a list of all readings involving differences in macna. The general conclusion at the end of the thesis covers all eight chapters

Industrialization in the Sudan: Issues and policies

In view of the sluggishness in foreign demand for primary products, nearly all developing countries have actively embarked on a deliberate policy of industrialization in an endeavour to reduce the risk resulting from the excessive dependence on the exports of primary products, and to broaden the basis for growth. The urge to industrialize is further strengthened by the benefits that could be derived from industrialization e.g. creation of employment, enhancement of capital formation, development of talents and skills etc. etc. Generally, in most of these countries the pattern of industrial development is directed towards the production of import substitutes, especially of light consumer goods. This line of policy is dictated not only by the availability of resources, but also by the existence of trade barriers which stand in the way of pushing the exports of manufactured goods by the developing countries. However, in spite of the criticism which is usually launched against import-substituting industrialization, it is our contention, in view of the above, that it is the main open path for the developing countries, and that if it is carefully planned and built on an economically sound basis, it is bound to bring good results which would pave the way for further development. Sudan, as a primary producing country and being heavily dependent on a single cash crop namely the extra long-staple cotton, has followed the same line of policy i.e. the development of light manufacturing in an endeavour to diversify the structure of production. The first serious attempt towards industrialization occurred after the country attained its independence in 1956. Since then there has been a steady expansion in the manufacturing sector. Most of the industries installed are initiated by the private sector. Direct government participation is confined to industries for which private capital has not been forthcoming. To induce both foreign and domestic private capital to invest in the field of manufacturing, the government has enacted incentive legislations embodying a range of concessions and facilities with varying degrees of effectiveness in stimulating the desired investments

MORAL IDEAL-BASED QUR`AN INTERPRETATION ACCORDING TO SHĀṬIBĪ’S CONCEPT OF MAQĀṢID AL-SHARĪ’AH

The interpretation of the Qur`an has been frequently subjected to exploring legal aspects of verses, regardless of their underlying ethical bases. The goals of Islamic doctrines called as maqāṣid al-sharī'ah provide ethical judgements that can be functioned for this sake. Unfortunately, they have been applied just for legal formulation. This article employs Fazlur Rahman’s theory of distinction between legal-specific and moral-ideal of Qur`anic doctrines. This perspective will be used to analyze moral dimensions of Shāṭibī’s maqāṣid. In this article, it will be argued that the moral principles extracted from these goals can be functioned as the paradigm for interpreting the Qur`an. There are two models of moral value-based interpretation that can be developed. The first is ethical-historical interpretation. This interpretation aims to understand the verses of the Qur'an in the light of a historical context as the starting point, not only based on background or reason behind the verse that respond the historical situation, but also based on the moral message extracted from these ends. The second is the ethic-contextual interpretation. It is an interpretation that is projected to respond current issues by applying three interacting sides; present situations, the literary context, and the ideal-moral paradigm drawn from these ends

The Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Unocron Weed, Ibcella Iutea L_ on Some Biological Aspects of Bemisia Tabaci (Gennadius) (Homptera: Aleyrodidae)

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The Role of streetscape properties to Achieve User’s Aesthetic Response

Urban spaces, as part of the city that could shape landscape are needed to form an essential systemic part of the city and due to the lack of streetscape as part of the city landscape to the demands and that achieves user’s respond and interact. This study is concerned with user’s demands related to streetscape and the role that is played by it’s various elements through a responsive design to user’s needs from an aesthetic point of view, The hypothesis of this study is manifested through “Disparity and deferential user’s aesthetical response to the various characteristics of streetscape as relevant to user’s movement through these spaces. The study depended on dealing with user’s aesthetic response throughout various characteristics of streetscape to achieve that response over specific movement types (linear, grid, curved, fragmented) which can be identified by the user, perceived and then respond to it. The research reach most important landscape elements which achieves aesthetic response through streetscape properties (greenscape, floorscape, benches and seating, vertical elements, waterscape) also most important user’s movement types that achieves aesthetic response through streetscape properties (curved, grid, linear, fragmented).Finally the research reach a comprehensive theoretical model for the role of landscape elements to achieve user’s aesthetic response in streetscape throughout movement types and then the research gave a list of recommendations. Key Word: Streetscape, Landscape, Aesthetic response, streetscape properties

Serum IL-21 level and its relation to activity and severity of alopecia areata

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is a non-cicatricial alopecia that is postulated to be a hair-specific autoimmune disease, with genetic factors playing a role in disease susceptibility and severity. The disease presentation ranges from circular patches on the scalp to complete hair loss with devastating psychosocial consequences.Patients and methods: This was a case control study carried out on 40 patients diagnosed as alopecia areata. They were recruited from the outpatient clinic of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs Department, Mansoura University Hospitals. In addition 40 normal healthy subjects with matched age and sex were selected to act as a control group.Results: Serum levels of IL-21 were significantly increased in AA patients, and showed significant positive correlation with activity of the disease. Higher serum levels of IL-21 in active cases support its role as predictor of disease activity. There were no significant differences in IL-21 level with different SALT scores. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of IL-21 was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of serum IL-21 as a diagnostic index for AA. The AUC-ROC of IL-21 was excellent (0.962); and the best cut off point for IL-21 was determined to be 22.22 pg/ml. It was good predictive value. Its accuracy was 86.3%.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the serum IL-21 could be promising marker in the diagnosis of alopecia areata, and also can be used as prognostic marker of its activity

Power transmission lines electromagnetic pollution with consideration of soil resistivity

The alternating current (AC) total interference of power lines may pose a threat to personnel and equipment in its vicinity. The main objective of this work is to determine the electromagnetic distribution and induced voltages on human body, equipment, and houses due to the AC total interference for different soil resistivities. The electromagnetic field and induced voltages may cause health problems to the human body and put it at risk. Two main approaches were used to compute the electromagnetic and induced voltages, namely the field approach, which is based on electromagnetic field distribution, and the circuit approach, which uses the circuit grounding analysis to compute the conductive interference and then uses the circuit based models to compute the inductive interference. Human body, steel houses and 10-km-long transmission line were modelled. The soil resistivity was varied, and the induced voltages obtained from both approaches were compared. Soil resistivity and soil structure are important parameters that affect the AC interference level. The results show that the touch voltage increases when the distance between electromagnetic source and human body increases. For high soil resistivity, the danger of the touch voltage becomes more prominent compared to that for low soil resistivity. Power system voltage level and soil resistivity are two key factors influencing the induced voltage level

The epidemiology of anaphylaxis in Europe: protocol for a systematic review

Background The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology is in the process of developing its Guideline for Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis, and this systematic review is one of seven inter-linked evidence syntheses that are being undertaken in order to provide a state-of-the-art synopsis of the current evidence base in relation to epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis and clinical management and impact on quality of life, which will be used to inform clinical recommendations. The aims of this systematic review will be to understand and describe the epidemiology of anaphylaxis, i.e. frequency, risk factors and outcomes of anaphylaxis, and describe how these characteristics vary by person, place and time. Methods A highly sensitive search strategy has been designed to retrieve all articles combining the concepts of anaphylaxis and epidemiology from electronic bibliographic databases. Discussion This review will aim to provide some estimates of the incidence and prevalence of anaphylaxis in Europe. The occurrence of anaphylaxis can have a profound effect on the quality of life of the sufferer and their family. Estimates of disease frequency will help us to ascertain the burden of anaphylaxis and provide useful comparators for management strategies.BioMed Central open acces

A Systematic Review of Gynecological Morbidity Among Women in the Reproductive Age

This study aimed at systematically reviewing the Gynecological Morbidity among women in the reproductive age by summarizing the prevalence of gynecological morbidity among reproductive age women is provided to develop research priorities. This systematic review was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines. The authors searched all published articles on the prevalence of gynecological morbidity. Electronic data bases such as PubMed were searched to identify observational studies on the subject. The study concluded that the polled prevalence of overall gynecological morbidity was high. This pooled prevalence enabled us to conclude that the effect of gynecological morbidities is high to hamper the productivity of reproductive age women in the world particularly in a developing nations

Inactivation of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> in reconstituted infant milk formula by plant essential oils

This study aimed to screen the in vitro antimicrobial activity of 10 plant essential oils (EOs) against 4 Cronobacter sakazakii strains, and use these oils or their combination to control C. sakazakii cocktail at low (3 log10 CFU/ml) and high (6 log10 CFU/ml) contamination levels in reconstituted infant milk formula (RIMF). Cinnamon and fir oils were the most inhibitory to C. sakazakii strains with inhibition zone of 32 to 40 mm at 20 µl/disc (the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.16 and 0.625 µl/ml, respectively). The addition of each of cinnamon or fir oil at 1% (v/v) reduced the C. sakazakii numbers in RIMF by 0.7-0.8 log10 CFU/ml when inoculated with high contamination level and by 2.5-3.1 log10 CFU/ml when inoculated with low contamination level. However, the combination of cinnamon and fir oils reduced C. sakazakii numbers at both inoculum levels to undetectable levels after 3 h of incubation at 37°C. The results of the current study indicated that a combination of cinnamon and fir oils has a potent antimicrobial activity which may potentially be used to control C. sakazakii in RIMF