Efectos del riego deficitario y de la carga de cosecha sobre las relaciones híbricas y la respuesta agronómica del ciruelo japonés cv. Black-Gold

Se ha estudiado el efecto de las restricciones hídricas en distintos períodos fenológicos, y de la carga de cosecha sobre la respuesta agronómica y las relaciones hídricas de una plantación joven de ciruelo Japonés cv. Black-Gold. En post-cosecha, las restricciones hídricas permitieron ahorros de agua de hasta un 29% sin afectar ni a la intensidad de floración ni el cuajado ni el crecimiento del fruto del año siguiente. Sin embargo, a medio plazo, tres años, el estrés hídrico aplicado en post-cosecha puede reducir la produción de la plantación debido al efecto acumulado de las restricciones sobre el crecimiento del árbol. El estrés hídrico llevado a cabo durante las fases II y toda la fase III del crecimiento del fruto, redujo su tamaño de forma proporcional a la integral de estrés. La restricción moderada del riego, antes y después de la cosecha, auanque permitió el mayor ahorro de agua (30%), provocó una reducción demasiado severa en el crecimiento del árbol, además de afectar al crecimiento del fruto. La carga alta de cosecha redujo el tamaño final del fruto en un 16%, pero permitió aumentar la cosecha en un 46% además de afectar al crecimiento vegetativo del árbol. La carga también afectó a las relaciones hídricas del árbol. Por otra parte se ha demostrado la eficacia de los dendómetros y del potencial de hoja no transpirante como indicadores de estrés hídrico. Finalmente se evaluó la utilidad de los sensores Watermark que respondieron razonablemente bien a las restricciones del riego, en particular cuando fueron severas, y permiten estimar con cierta precisión el estado hídrico del árbol, en particular para Ym<-40kPa.Intrigliolo Molina, DS. (2005). Efectos del riego deficitario y de la carga de cosecha sobre las relaciones híbricas y la respuesta agronómica del ciruelo japonés cv. Black-Gold [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1869Palanci

Assessment of a Remote Sensing Energy Balance Methodology (SEBAL) Using Different Interpolation Methods to Determine Evapotranspiration in a Citrus Orchard

"(c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works."A surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) has been parameterized and tested in a 400-ha drip irrigated citrus orchard. Simultaneously, during three growing seasons, energy fluxes were measured using Eddy Covariance. Instantaneous fluxes obtained with SEBAL using 10 images from Landsat-5 were compared with the measured fluxes. The Perrier function was the best method for properly estimating the roughness momentum length for discontinuous canopies, as in citrus orchards. Crop height was estimated using LIDAR data. In general, SEBAL performed well for net radiation estimation but failed in soil heat flux estimation. Latent heat estimations from the SEBAL model had a relative root mean square error (rRMSE) of 0.06 when compared with measurements obtained by Eddy Covariance. Three procedures were tested for up-scaling the instantaneous ET estimates from SEBAL to daily ET values: 1) assuming the fraction between the actual ET and the reference ET is constant throughout the day; 2) using actual local crop coefficient curves; and 3) using an up-scaling factor where the fraction of hourly ET to daily ET equals the ratio of hourly to daily global solar radiation. This last method gave acceptable results for daily ET estimations (rRMSE = 0.09) and for 15day ET (rRMSE = 0.19), and its main advantage is that no local data are required. It is concluded that the SEBAL methodology can be successfully applied for determining actual ET, even in discontinuous citrus canopies. However, additional parameterizations of momentum roughness length were needed in order to obtain reliable ET determinations.This work was supported in part by MINECO project Rideco-Consolider CSD2006-0067 and in part by Interreg IV Sudoe project "Telerieg."Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Castel, JR.; Testi, L.; Intrigliolo Molina, DS. (2015). Assessment of a Remote Sensing Energy Balance Methodology (SEBAL) Using Different Interpolation Methods to Determine Evapotranspiration in a Citrus Orchard. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 8(4):1465-1477. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2418817S146514778

Determination of an efficient irrigation schedule for the cultivation of rose cv. freedom under greenhouse conditions in colombia

An experiment on rose (Rosa sp.) cv. Freedom was performed in a greenhouse on the Bogota Plateau, Colombia, to identify an efficient irrigation regime for this crop. The tested treatments were based on three irrigation doses, applying different fractions of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc), calculated using a class A evaporation tank: i) 100% ETc (ETc100), ii) 80% ETc (ETc80) and iii) 70% ETc (ETc70). During the entire experimental period, from mid-May to early September, the crop had a constant production of floral stems. In all of the irrigation treatments, the soil and plant water status were monitored using tensiometers and the midday stem water potential, respectively (Ψstem). In the fully irrigated roses, the actual water use was determined using a drainage lysimeter in order to obtain the local crop coefficients (Kc) by means of a water balance. From June to August, the obtained monthly Kc values varied between 1.10 and 1.26. Compared to the ETc100 treatment, 14.5 and 21.8% less water was applied in treatments ETc80 and ETc70, respectively. Despite this fact, no statistically significant differences were found among the treatments for rose production or quality. Finally, in the more irrigated roses, tight relationships between the stem water potential and vapor pressure deficit were obtained. The reported base-line equations can be used for predicting the optimum rose plant water status, depending on the environmental conditions. Overall, the reported results can be used for an efficient irritation schedule for rose crops under greenhouse conditions, using the local Kc and direct determinations of plant water status corrected for the evaporative demand

Unmixing-Based Fusion of Hyperspatial and Hyperspectral Airborne Imagery for Early Detection of Vegetation Stress

"© 2014 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.” Upon publication, authors are asked to include either a link to the abstract of the published article in IEEE Xplore®, or the article’s Digital Object Identifier (DOI).Many applications require a timely acquisition of high spatial and spectral resolution remote sensing data. This is often not achievable since spaceborne remote sensing instruments face a tradeoff between spatial and spectral resolution, while airborne sensors mounted on a manned aircraft are too expensive to acquire a high temporal resolution. This gap between information needs and data availability inspires research on using Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) to capture the desired high spectral and spatial information, furthermore providing temporal flexibility. Present hyperspectral imagers on board lightweight RPAS are still rare, due to the operational complexity, sensor weight, and instability. This paper looks into the use of a hyperspectral-hyperspatial fusion technique for an improved biophysical parameter retrieval and physiological assessment in agricultural crops. First, a biophysical parameter extraction study is performed on a simulated citrus orchard. Subsequently, the unmixing-based fusion is applied on a real test case in commercial citrus orchards with discontinuous canopies, in which a more efficient and accurate estimation of water stress is achieved by fusing thermal hyperspatial and hyperspectral (APEX) imagery. Narrowband reflectance indices that have proven their effectiveness as previsual indicators of water stress, such as the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), show a significant increase in tree water-stress detection when applied on the fused dataset compared to the original hyperspectral APEX dataset (R-2 = 0.62, p 0.1). Maximal R-2 values of 0.93 and 0.86 are obtained by a linear relationship between the vegetation index and the resp., water and chlorophyll, parameter content maps.This work was supported in part by the Belgian Science Policy Office in the frame of the Stereo II program (Hypermix project-SR/00/141), in part by the project Chameleon of the Flemish Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT), and in part by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education (MEC) for the projects AGL2012-40053-C03-01 and CONSOLIDER RIDECO (CSD2006-67). The European Facility for Airborne Research EUFAR (www.eufar.net) funded the flight campaign (Transnational Access Project 'Hyper-Stress'). The work of D. S. Intrigliolo was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness program "Ramon y Cajal."Delalieux, S.; Zarco-Tejada, PJ.; Tits, L.; Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Intrigliolo Molina, DS.; Somers, B. (2014). Unmixing-Based Fusion of Hyperspatial and Hyperspectral Airborne Imagery for Early Detection of Vegetation Stress. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 7(6):2571-2582. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2330352S257125827

Standardization of the dimensions of a portable weighing lysimeter designed to be applied to vegetable crops in Mediterranean climates

The progress made in developing information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the fact that water resources are becoming increasingly scarce make precision agriculture a very valuable tool for efficient and sustainable crop management, particularly for irrigation and fertilisation. In line with this, the water balance estimate is considered one of the most accurate methods for estimating crops’ water requirements. The Agromotic Engineering and Sea Research Group of the Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (Spain) has worked in this direction to obtain portable weighing lysimeters with improved functions compared to traditional measurement systems. This study analysed the most important vegetable crops in south-eastern Spain to standardise suitable dimensions so that these portable weighing lysimeters can monitor practically all of today’s vegetable and herbaceous crops in Mediterranean climates. The dimensions established for the cultivation tank are 150 cm long, 45 cm wide, and 50 cm deep, with an equipment resolution of up to 0.09 mm expressed as water lamina. The validation over seven irrigation events established that the structural system achieved here allows precise monitoring of the water exchanges produced in the cultivation tank, so this portable weighing lysimeter can be useful for the efficient management of fertigationResearch and development project with reference IDI-20190146, entitled “Development and implementation of a weighing lysimeter ferticontrol equipment for use in intensive agriculture”, in collaboration with the company AGROSOLMEN, S.L., cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through the Spanish Multiregional Operational Programme 2014–2020. Preciriego (RTC-2017-6365-2) project co-financed by FEDER and AEI-Spain

Ecophysiological responses of grapevine rootstocks to water deficit

The use of rootstocks tolerant to soil water deficit is an interesting strategy to face the challenges posed by limited water availability. Currently, several nurseries are breeding new genotypes aiming to improve the water stress tolerance of grapevine, but the physiological basis of its responses under water stress are largely unknown. For this purpose, an ecophysiological assessment of the conventional 110-Richter (110R) and SO4, and the new M1 and M4 rootstocks was carried out in ungrafted potted plants. During one season, these Vitis genotypes were grown under greenhouse conditions and subjected to two water regimes, well-watered (WW) and deficit irrigation (DI). Water potentials of plants under DI down to &lt;-1.4 MPa, and net photosynthesis (AN) &lt;5 μmol CO2m-2s-1 did not cause leaf oxidative stress damage compared to WW conditions in all genotypes. The antioxidant capacity was sufficient to neutralize the mild oxidative stress suffered. Under both water regimes, gravimetric differences in daily water use were observed among genotypes, leading to differences in the biomass of roots and shoots. Under WW conditions, SO4 and 110R were the most vigorous and M1 and M4 the least. However, under DI, SO4 exhibited the greatest reduction in biomass, while 110R showed the lowest. Remarkably, under these conditions, SO4 reached the least negative stem water potential and showed the highest hydraulic conductance values. Conversely, M1 reduced the most stomatal conductance, transpiration and AN. Overall, 110R achieved the highest biomass water use efficiency in response to DI, and SO4 the lowest, while M-rootstocks showed intermediate values. Our results suggest that there are differences in water use regulation among genotypes attributed not only to differences in stomatal regulation but also to plant hydraulic conductance. Therefore, it is hypothesized that differences in genotype performance may be due to root anatomical- morphological differences and to several physiological processes such as growth inhibition, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant production, nutrient translocation capacity, etc. Further studies are needed to confirm these differential ecophysiological responses of Vitis species under water stress, particularly under field and grafted conditions

Irrigation-Advisor-A Decision Support System for Irrigation of Vegetable Crops

Climate change will intensify water scarcity, and therefore irrigation must be adapted to save water. Operational tools that provide watering recommendations to end-users are needed. This work presents a new tool, Irrigation-Advisor (IA), which is based on weather forecasts and is able to separately determine soil evaporation and crop transpiration, and thus is adaptable to a broad range of agricultural situations. By calculating several statistical indicators, IA was tested against the FAO-56 crop evapotranspiration (ETcFAO) methodology using local crop coefficients. Additionally, IA recommendations were compared with current standard practices by experienced farmers (F). Six field experiments with four widely cultivated species (endive, lettuce, muskmelon and potato) were performed in Southeast Spain. Irrigation water applied, crop yield, aboveground biomass and water productivity were determined. Crop water needs underestimations (5%–20%) were detected when comparing IA against ETcFAO, although the index of agreement proved reasonable adjustments. The IA recommendations led to water savings up to 13% when compared to F, except for lettuce, with a 31% surplus in irrigation when using IA. Crop yield was not compromised and water productivity was increased by IA. Therefore, IA mimicked the farmers0 irrigation strategies fairly well without deploying sensors on-site. Nevertheless, improvements are needed for increasing the accuracy of IA estimations.The authors thank the owners of the experimental fields (Madrid and Galindo families) and David Hortelano (CEBAS-CSIC) for his help with field determinations. This research: including the APC, was funded by the Spanish MINISTERIO DE ECONOMÍA Y COMPETITIVIDAD (MINECO) with FEDER co-financing, projects “RiegoAsesor” and “Preciriego” (grant numbers RTC-2015-3453-2 and RTC-2017-6365-2) and by the European Commission with project “SHui” (grant number: 773903)

The evolution of smart irrigation

[SPA] Son muchos los avances tecnológicos en el sector de la fertirrigación, enfocados cada uno a un área concreta. Pero si nos alejamos para cambiar la perspectiva, se hace necesaria una herramienta para la gestión global de toda esta tecnología. Un amplio trabajo está detrás del desarrollo de la plataforma GENHIDRO, que permitirá adquirir información agronómica, analizarla, y tomar decisiones para actuar sobre el sistema de riego. Se podrá alcanzar la aplicación efectiva de tecnologías encaminadas a gestionar el riego inteligente. [SPA] There are many technological advances in the fertigation sector, each one focused on a specific area. But if we move away to change the perspective, a tool for the global management of all this technology is necessary. Extensive work is behind the development of the GENHIDRO platform, which will make it possible to acquire agronomic information, analyze it, and make decisions to act on the irrigation system. It will be possible to achieve the effective application of technologies aimed at managing smart irrigation.Al Proyecto de Investigación y Desarrollo con referencia IDI-20190146, titulado “Desarrollo e implantación de un equipo de ferticontrol por lisimetría de pesada para uso en agricultura intensiva”, en colaboración con la empresa AGROSOLMEN, S.L., cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) a través del Programa Operativo Plurirregional de España 2014-2020. Y al Grupo de Investigación de Ingeniería Agromótica y del Mar, principalmente al Dr. José Miguel Molina Martinez y a la Dra. Dolores Parras Burgos, por su disposición constante y ayuda incondicional para conseguir los objetivos alcanzados. Y al Dr. Diego S. Intrigliolo Molina, siempre aportando su experiencia investigadora, que me anima a mejorar cada día

Sistema de cuantificación del balance hídrico para sistema de riego de plantas cultivadas en maceta

Número de publicación: 2 565 127 Número de solicitud: 201431431Sistema de cuantificación del balance hídrico para sistema de riego de plantas cultivadas en maceta que comprende: - una estructura con una superficie de apoyo de la maceta (5), - medios de pesaje de la maceta (8) dispuestos bajo la superficie de apoyo (1) de modo que el peso de la maceta (5) descansa sobre ellos, - un primer recipiente (11) para permitir la recogida del agua drenada por la maceta (5), - primeros medios de pesaje (12) para medir el peso del primer recipiente (11), - un segundo recipiente (16) susceptible de contener agua para el riego de la planta, sostenido por un soporte (15) desplazable, - segundos medios de pesaje (17) para medir el peso del segundo recipiente (16), - una electroválvula (18) para controlar el vaciado del segundo recipiente (16), - una unidad de control (10) configurada para obtener el peso del consumo hídrico de la planta.Universidad Politécnica de Cartagen

PROYECTO FIGARO: PLATAFORMA PARA LA GESTIÓN INTEGRAL Y EFICIENTE DEL RIEGO

[EN] Water and energy consumptions at plot level irrigation are issues of broad interest with an important environmental and economic impact. The solution to this double challenge requires the implementation of “precise irrigation”. In this work is shown the under developing software system FIGARO (Flexible and PrecIse IrriGation PlAtform to Improve FaRm Scale Water PrOductivity), which is part of a project co-funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme, in the scope of “Precision technologies to improve irrigation management and increase water productivity in major water-demanding crops in Europe” (KBBE.2012.1.1-03). The aim is to develop a tool to support decision-making for end users that let them perform irrigation scheduling with the aim of reducing water, energy and fertilizers consumptions, as well as yield crop is maximized. Implementation and validation of the FIGARO platform is being performed in several countries with different crops and weather conditions. First results in the year 2014, in citrus and grapevine crops, suggest increases in water productivity with savings close to 30% of water and 36% of energy at Water User Association level.[ES] El consumo de agua y energía en el ámbito del riego en parcela es una cuestión de amplio interés y consecuencias para el medio ambiente y la economía. La solución a este doble reto exige la implantación del denominado “riego de precisión”. En el presente trabajo se presenta la plataforma informática en desarrollo FIGARO (Flexible and PrecIse IrriGation PlAtform to Improve FaRm Scale Water PrOductivity), la cual forma parte de un proyecto financiado por la Unión Europea dentro del 7º Programa Marco, en el ámbito “Precision technologies to improve irrigation management and increase water productivity in major water-demanding crops in Europe” (KBBE.2012.1.1-03). El objetivo principal es desarrollar una herramienta de soporte a la toma de decisiones, que permita a los agricultores realizar programaciones de riego dirigidas a reducir el uso de agua, energía y fertilizantes, a la vez que se maximiza la productividad de las cosechas. La puesta en marcha y validación de la plataforma FIGARO se está llevado a cabo en diferentes países, con cultivos y condiciones climáticas diversas. Los primeros resultados de la campaña de 2014 en cultivos de cítrico y vid, sugieren incrementos de la productividad del agua con ahorros próximos al 30% de agua y del 36% de energía a nivel de comunidad de regantes.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por Unión Europea dentro del 7º Programa Marco, en el ámbito “Precision technologies to improve irrigation management and increase water productivity in major water-demanding crops in Europe” (KBBE.2012.1.1-03).Martínez Gimeno, M.; Martínez Alzamora, F.; Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Royuela Tomás, Á.; Manzano Juarez, J.; Intrigliolo Molina, DS. (2015). PROYECTO FIGARO: PLATAFORMA PARA LA GESTIÓN INTEGRAL Y EFICIENTE DEL RIEGO. En XXXIII CONGRESO NACIONAL DE RIEGOS. Valencia 16-18 junio de 2015. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/CNRiegos.2015.1457OC