A Search for Vector Diquarks at the CERN LHC

Resonant production of the first generation vector diquarks at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is investigated. It is shown that the LHC will be able to discover vector diquarks with masses up to 9 TeV for quark-diquark-quark coupling alpha_(D)=0.1 and 4 TeV for alpha_(D)=5x10^(-4).Comment: 9 pages, 4 tables, 4 figure

Sub-acute insulin therapy does not affect long-term visiospatial learning and memory in mice assessed using Barnes maze

Insulin is a common hypoglycaemic agent used to treat diabetes, but it has also been reported to exert other effects on the body including modulation cognition. Reported findings on insulin effect on learning and memory are scanty and often conflicting. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of sub-acute insulin therapy on visio-spatial learning and memory using Barnes maze. Twelve young mice of both sexes, weighing between 20 – 22 g, were divided into control and insulin-treated groups (n = 6). They were administered subcutaneously with deionized water (control) or insulin (10 I.U./kg/day) for seven days. During the last three days of treatments, the mice were subjected to two-day training and one-day probe trial of Barnes maze. Number of primary head searches on day 2 was reduced compared to day 1 for both the insulin-treated (4.17 ± 0.8 s and 11.45 ± 1.9 s) and control (10.0 ± 3.2 s and 19.95 ± 4.5 s) groups (P < 0.05), but the values obtained in the two groups did not differ (P > 0.05). Similarly, there was no difference between the insulin-treated and control groups in latency to locate the escape hole, time spent and number of head searches per quadrant. It was concluded that sub-acute insulin therapy did not affect long-term visio-spatial learning and memory in mice.Keywords: insulin, visio-spatial learning and memory, long-term memory, Barnes maze, mic

Outcome of sub-acute insulin administration on long-term visuo-spatial and short-term working memory in mice

Background: In the past, insulin was considered a peripheral hormone, unable to affect the central nervous system. Now, it is well established that insulin occurs in the brain where it exerts regulatory and trophic effects. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of sub-acute insulin administration on long-term visuo-spatial and short-term working memory.Methods: Twenty four mice, weighing between 18 – 22 g, were used. Two groups of six mice each were used during elevated plus maze and Y-maze, to determine long-term visuo-spatial and short-term spatial working memory, respectively. Control group received deionized water, while insulin group received insulin at 10 I.U./kg/day, subcutaneously.Results: In the elevated plus maze, acquisition and retention latencies were the same (P > 0.05) when compared between the groups. In the Y-maze test, number of entries into arms was similar (P > 0.05) within and between groups. Time spent in the novel arm by mice in the insulin (103.83 ±7.4 seconds) and control (108.00 ± 13.6 seconds) groups was higher (P < 0.05) when compared to time spent in arm A (68.33 ± 10.0 and 74.50 ± 5.6 seconds, respectively) and B (59.17 ± 9.5 and 69.67 ± 10.7, respectively). Number of triads and percent alternations were also the same (P > 0.05) when compared between the groups.Conclusion: It was concluded, that sub-acute insulin administration did not affect long-term visuo-spatial memory and short-term working memory in mice.Keywords: insulin, long-term visuo-spatial memory, short-term spatial memory, working memory, sub-acute treatmen

Effect of insulin on visuo-spatial memory and histology of cerebral cortex in the presence or absence of nitric oxide inhibition

Insulin has emerged from its traditional ‘peripheral’ glucose-lowering function to become increasingly regarded as a brain hormone that controls a wide range of functions including learning and memory. Insulin action on learning and memory is linked to nitric oxide (NO) signalling, but its effects on memory and histology of cerebral cortex in conditions of varied NO availability is unclear. This research sought to determine the effect of insulin on visuo-spatial learning, memory and histology of cerebral cortex during NO deficiency. Twenty-four mice weighing 21-23 g, were divided into four groups (n = 6) and treated daily for seven days with 0.2 ml distilled water subcutaneously (s.c.) (control), 10 I.U/kg insulin s.c., 10 I.U/kg insulin + 50 mg/kg L-NAME intraperitoneally (i.p.), and 50 mg/kg i.p. L-NAME s.c., respectively. The 3-day MWM paradigm was used to assess memory. Brain tissue was examined for histological changes. There was no significant difference between day 1 and day 2 latencies for all the groups. The mice in all (but L-NAME) groups spent more time in the target quadrant, and the difference was significant within but not between groups. There was significant reduction in number of platform site crossings (4.83 ± 0.5, 0.67 ± 0.3, 0.50 ± 0.3 and 0.50 ± 0.3 for control, insulin, insulin+L-NAME and L-NAME groups, respectively) in all the groups compared to control. Normal histology of the cortex and absence of histological lesions were observed in brain slides of control and treatment groups. It was concluded that insulin administration impairs visuo-spatial memory to a greater extent in the presence of NO block, and to a lesser extent in the absence of NO block. Nitric oxide has a role in insulin-induced memory impairment. Insulin administration in the presence or absence of NO block had no effect on histology of cortex.Keywords: Insulin, learning and memory, cortical histology, nitric oxid

Wavelet Neural Networks for Speed Control of BLDC Motor

In the recent years, researchers have sophisticated the synthesis of neural networks depending on the wavelet functions to build the wavelet neural networks (WNNs), where the wavelet function is utilized in the hidden layer as a sigmoid function instead of conventional sigmoid function that is utilized in artificial neural network. The WNN inherits the features of the wavelet function and the neural network (NN), such as self-learning, self-adapting, time-frequency location, robustness, and nonlinearity. Besides, the wavelet function theory guarantees that the WNN can simulate the nonlinear system precisely and rapidly. In this chapter, the WNN is used with PID controller to make a developed controller named WNN-PID controller. This controller will be utilized to control the speed of Brushless DC (BLDC) motor to get preferable performance than the traditional controller techniques. Besides, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is utilized to optimize the parameters of the WNN-PID controller. The modification for this method of the WNN such as the recurrent wavelet neural network (RWNN) was included in this chapter. Simulation results for all the above methods are given and compared

Evidence for a mixed mass composition at the `ankle' in the cosmic-ray spectrum

We report a first measurement for ultra-high energy cosmic rays of the correlation between the depth of shower maximum and the signal in the water Cherenkov stations of air-showers registered simultaneously by the fluorescence and the surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Such a correlation measurement is a unique feature of a hybrid air-shower observatory with sensitivity to both the electromagnetic and muonic components. It allows an accurate determination of the spread of primary masses in the cosmic-ray flux. Up till now, constraints on the spread of primary masses have been dominated by systematic uncertainties. The present correlation measurement is not affected by systematics in the measurement of the depth of shower maximum or the signal in the water Cherenkov stations. The analysis relies on general characteristics of air showers and is thus robust also with respect to uncertainties in hadronic event generators. The observed correlation in the energy range around the `ankle' at $\lg(E/{\rm eV})=18.5-19.0$ differs significantly from expectations for pure primary cosmic-ray compositions. A light composition made up of proton and helium only is equally inconsistent with observations. The data are explained well by a mixed composition including nuclei with mass $A > 4$. Scenarios such as the proton dip model, with almost pure compositions, are thus disfavoured as the sole explanation of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray flux at Earth.Comment: Published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Added Report Numbe

PERSPECTIVAS DEL PROCESO DE GLOBALIZACIÓN Y SU INFLUENCIA SOBRE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS ECONÓMICOS, SOCIALES Y CULTURALES

El escenario internacional se encuentra en constante transformación debido a lo que se ha denominado el proceso de “globalización”. Este afecta las relaciones internaciones interestatales e influye en la vida cotidiana de los individuos. El Derecho Internacional y más específicamente el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos no es ajeno a este proceso. La investigación afirma que nos encontramos frente a una etapa de transnacionalización de los Derechos Humanos, que permite que los individuos cuenten con mayor protección en ámbitos supranacionales. También hace especial mención a los derechos Económicos Sociales y Culturales, analiza el debate sobre el pluralismo jurídico y la eficacia diferencial. En la metodología empleada se revisan fuentes documentales y se realiza un análisis de algunos derechos particulares previstos en el Pacto de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales. Los planteamientos permiten afirmar que el proceso de globalización ha determinado la transnacionalización de los Derechos Humanos, surgiendo de dicho fenómeno consecuencias positivas y negativas en cuanto a su cumplimiento

The Pierre Auger Observatory Status And Latest Results

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Astrophysical Interpretation Of Pierre Auger Observatory Measurements Of The Uhecr Energy Spectrum And Mass Composition

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