The Bowhead vs. the Gray Whale in Chukotkan Aboriginal Whaling

Active whaling for large baleen whales - mostly for bowhead (Balaena mysticetus) and gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) - has been practiced by aborigines on the Chukotka Peninsula since at least the early centuries of the Christian era. The history of native whaling off Chukotka may be divided into four periods according to the hunting methods used and the primary species pursued: ancient or aboriginal (from earliest times up to the second half of the 19th century); traditional (second half of the 19th century to the 1930s); transitional (late 1930s to early 1960s); and modern (from the early 1960s). The data on bowhead/gray whale bone distribution in the ruins of aboriginal coastal sites, available catch data from native settlements from the late 19th century and local oral tradition prove to be valuable sources for identifying specific areas of aboriginal whaling off Chukotka. Until the 1930s, bowhead whales generally predominated in the native catch; gray whales were hunted periodically or locally along restricted parts of the coast. Some 8-10 bowheads and 3-5 gray whales were killed on the average in a "good year" by Chukotka natives during the early 20th century. Around the mid-20th century, however, bowheads were completely replaced by gray whales. On the basis of this experience, the author believes that the substitution of gray whales for bowheads, proposed recently by conservationists for modern Alaska Eskimos, would be unsuccessful.Key words: bowhead, gray whale, aboriginal whaling, Chukotka, Asiatic Eskimos, ChukchisDepuis au moins les premiers siècles de l'ère chrétienne, les aborigènes de la péninsule Chukotka ont fait une chasse active aux grandes baleines à fanons, en particulier la baleine boréale (Balaena mysticetus) et la baleine grise de Californie (Eschrichtius robustus). L'histoire de cette chasse autochtone à la baleine au large de la péninsule Chukotka peut être divisée en quatre périodes selon les méthodes de chasse utilisées et les espèces primaires poursuivies : la période ancienne ou autochtone (des premiers temps jusqu'à la deuxième moitié du 19e siècle); la période traditionnelle (deuxième moitié du 19e siècle jusqu'aux années 1930); la période transitionnelle (fin des années 1930 jusqu'au début des années 1960); et la période moderne (à partir du début des années 1960).Les données sur la distribution d'ossements de baleines boréales et grises dans les ruines de sites autochtones côtiers, les données de prises disponibles de colonies autochtones de la fin du 19e siècle et la tradition orale locale comportent des sources importantes permettant d'identifier les régions spécifiques de chasse à la baleine au large de la péninsule Chukotka. Jusqu'aux années 1930, les baleines boréales figuraient en première importance dans les prises autochtones; les baleines grises étaient chassées périodiquement ou localement le long de certaines parties de la côte. Lors d'une «bonne année», une moyenne de quelque 8 à 10 baleines boréales et de 3 à 5 baleines grises de Californie étaient tuées par les autochtones de Chukotka. Vers le milieu du 20e siècle cependant, les baleines boréales furent complètement remplacées par les baleines grises. Selon cette expérience, l'auteur croit que la substitution des baleines grises par des baleines boréales, proposée pour les Inuit modernes de l'Alaska par des partisans de la défense de l'environnement, ne connaîtrait aucun succès.Mots clés : baleine boréale, baleine grises de Californie, chasse autochtone à la baleine, Chukotka, Inuit asiatiques, Chukchi

Parental Deprivation Influence on the Idea of the Future Family Image of Migrant Workers’ Children

У роботі висвітлено проблему дітей, батьки яких – трудові мігранти. Відсутність батьків протягом великого проміжку часу є депривуючим чинником, який негативно впливає на розвиток особистості дитини. Проведено дослідження впливу сімейної депривації на уявлення образу майбутньої сім’ї в дітей трудових мігрантів. The article highlights the problem of children whose parents are migrant workers. The absence of parents during a long period of time is a depriving factor that affects the personality of the child development. The influence of family deprivation on the idea of the future family image of migrant workers’ children has been studied

Position of the umbilical venous catheter in neonatal resuscitation

The article summarizes many years of experience with radiographs in the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU), provides criteria for the correct and acceptable position of the umbilical venous catheter (UVC). Of the 180 cases observed by the authors, images of 16 clinical cases with incorrectly set UVC, were selected and presented in the article. All radiographs shown are classified depending on the depth of insertion and inadmissible location of the catheter; rationale and interpretation of images are given, with an explanation of possible complications in each case. Based on the above material, the need for "input control" upon admission of a newborn from the maternity ward (transfer to a specialized hospital) was proved in order to prevent the development of complications: pulmonary embolism, iatrogeny

Effects of increase in temperature and open water on transmigration and access to health care by the Nenets reindeer herders in northern Russia

Background . The indigenous Nenets reindeer herders in northern Russia annually migrate several hundred kilometers between summer and winter pastures. In the warming climate, ice-rich permafrost and glaciers are being significantly reduced and will eventually disappear from parts of the Arctic. The emergent changes in hydrological cycles have already led to substantial increases in open water that stays unfrozen for longer periods of time. This environmental change has been reported to compromise the nomadic Nenets’ traditional way of life because the presence of new water in the tundra reduces the Nenets’ ability to travel by foot, sled, or motor vehicle from the summer transitory tundra campsites in order to access healthcare centers in villages. New water can also impede their access to family and community at other herder camps and in the villages. Although regional and global models predicting hydrologic changes due to climate changes exist, the spatial resolution of these models is too coarse for studying how increases in open water affect health and livelihoods. To anticipate the full health impact of hydrologic changes, the current gap between globally forecasted scenarios and locally forecasted hydrologic scenarios needs to be bridged. Objectives . We studied the effects of the autumn temperature anomalies and increases in open water on health care access and transmigration of reindeer herders on the Kanin Peninsula. Design . Correlational and time series analyses were completed. Methods . The study population consisted of 370 full-time, nomadic reindeer herders. We utilized clinical visit records, studied surface temperature anomalies during autumn migrations, and used remotely sensed imagery to detect water bodies. Spearman correlation was used to measure the relationship between temperature anomalies and the annual arrival of the herders at the Nes clinic for preventive and primary care. Piecewise regression was used to model change in mean autumnal temperature anomalies over time. We also created a water body product to detect inter-annual changes in water area. Results . Correlation between arrivals to the Nes clinic and temperature anomalies during the fall transmigration (1979–2011) was r = 0.64, p = 0.0004; 95% CI (0.31; 0.82). Regression analysis estimated that mean temperature anomalies during the fall migration in September–December were stochastically stationary pre-1991 and have been rising significantly (p < 0.001) since then. The rate of change was estimated at +0.1351°C/year, SE = 0.0328, 95% CI (+0.0694, +0.2007). The amount of detected water fluctuated significantly interannually (620–800 km2). Conclusions . Later arrival of freezing temperatures in the autumn followed by the earlier spring thaws and more open water delay transmigration and reduce herders’ access to health care. The recently observed delays in arrival to the clinic are likely related to the warming trend and to concomitant hydrologic changes

Temporal and structural genetic variation in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) associated with the pastoral transition in Northwestern Siberia

Funding Information NordForsk. Grant Number: 76915 ERC Advanced Grant. Grant Numbers: 295458, ESRC ES/, M011054/1 JPI HUMANOR ERC Starting GrantPeer reviewedPublisher PD

Nunalleq, Stories from the Village of Our Ancestors:Co-designing a multivocal educational resource based on an archaeological excavation

This work was funded by the UK-based Arts and Humanities Research Council through grants (AH/K006029/1) and (AH/R014523/1), a University of Aberdeen IKEC Award with additional support for travel and subsistence from the University of Dundee, DJCAD Research Committee RS2 project funding. Thank you to the many people who contributed their support, knowledge, feedback, voices and faces throughout the project, this list includes members of the local community, colleagues, specialists, students, and volunteers. If we have missed out any names we apologize but know that your help was appreciated. Jimmy Anaver, John Anderson, Alice Bailey, Kieran Baxter, Pauline Beebe, Ellinor Berggren, Dawn Biddison, Joshua Branstetter, Brendan Body, Lise Bos, Michael Broderick, Sarah Brown, Crystal Carter, Joseph Carter, Lucy Carter, Sally Carter, Ben Charles, Mary Church, Willard Church, Daniele Clementi, Annie Cleveland, Emily Cleveland, Joshua Cleveland, Aron Crowell, Neil Curtis, Angie Demma, Annie Don, Julia Farley, Veronique Forbes, Patti Fredericks, Tricia Gillam, Sean Gleason, Sven Haakanson, Cheryl Heitman, Grace Hill, Diana Hunter, Joel Isaak, Warren Jones, Stephan Jones, Ana Jorge, Solveig Junglas, Melia Knecht, Rick Knecht, Erika Larsen, Paul Ledger, Jonathan Lim Soon, Amber Lincoln, Steve Luke, Francis Lukezic, Eva Malvich, Pauline Matthews, Roy Mark, Edouard Masson-MacLean, Julie Masson-MacLean, Mhairi Maxwell, Chuna Mcintyre, Drew Michael, Amanda Mina, Anna Mossolova, Carl Nicolai Jr, Chris Niskanen, Molly Odell, Tom Paxton, Lauren Phillips, Lucy Qin, Charlie Roberts, Chris Rowe, Rufus Rowe,Chris Rowland, John Rundall, Melissa Shaginoff, Monica Shah, Anna Sloan, Darryl Small Jr, John Smith, Mike Smith, Joey Sparaga, Hannah Strehlau, Dora Strunk, Larissa Strunk, Lonny Strunk, Larry Strunk, Robbie Strunk, Sandra Toloczko, Richard Vanderhoek, the Qanirtuuq Incorporated Board, the Quinhagak Dance Group and the staff at Kuinerrarmiut Elitnaurviat. We also extend our thanks to three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on our paper.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Guidelines for incorporating scientific knowledge and practice on rare diseases into higher education: neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses as a model disorder model disorder.

This article addresses the educational issues associated with rare diseases (RD) and in particular the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs, or CLN diseases) in the curricula of Health Sciences and Professional's Training Programs. Our aim is to develop guidelines for improving scientific knowledge and practice in higher education and continuous learning programs. Rare diseases (RD) are collectively common in the general populationwith 1 in 17 people affected by a RDin their lifetime. Inherited defects in genes involved in metabolism are the commonest group of RD with over 8000 known inborn errors of metabolism. The majority of these diseases are neurodegenerative including the NCLs. Any professional training program on NCL must take into account the medical, social and economic burdens related to RDs. To address these challenges and find solutions to themit is necessary that individuals in the government and administrative authorities, academia, teaching hospitals and medical schools, the pharmaceutical industry, investment community and patient advocacy groups all work together to achieve these goals. The logistical issues of including RD lectures in university curricula and in continuing medical education should reflect its complex nature. To evaluate the state of education in the RD field, a summary should be periodically up dated in order to assess the progress achieved in each country that signed up to the international conventions addressing RD issues in society. It is anticipated that auditing current practice will lead to higher standards and provide a framework for those educators involved in establishing RD teaching programs world-wide.publishedVersio

New Antarctic gravity anomaly grid for enhanced geodetic and geophysical studies in Antarctica

Gravity surveying is challenging in Antarctica because of its hostile environment and inaccessibility. Nevertheless, many ground-based, airborne, and shipborne gravity campaigns have been completed by the geophysical and geodetic communities since the 1980s. We present the first modern Antarctic-wide gravity data compilation derived from 13 million data points covering an area of 10 million km2, which corresponds to 73% coverage of the continent. The remove-compute-restore technique was applied for gridding, which facilitated leveling of the different gravity data sets with respect to an Earth gravity model derived from satellite data alone. The resulting free-air and Bouguer gravity anomaly grids of 10 km resolution are publicly available. These grids will enable new high-resolution combined Earth gravity models to be derived and represent a major step forward toward solving the geodetic polar data gap problem. They provide a new tool to investigate continental-scale lithospheric structure and geological evolution of Antarctica