The magnetic connectivity of coronal shocks from behind-the-limb flares to the visible solar surface during γ\gamma-ray events

Context. The observation of >100 MeV {\gamma}-rays in the minutes to hours following solar flares suggests that high-energy particles interacting in the solar atmosphere can be stored and/or accelerated for long time periods. The occasions when {\gamma}-rays are detected even when the solar eruptions occurred beyond the solar limb as viewed from Earth provide favorable viewing conditions for studying the role of coronal shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in the acceleration of these particles. Aims: In this paper, we investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of the coronal shocks inferred from stereoscopic observations of behind-the-limb flares to determine if they could be the source of the particles producing the {\gamma}-rays. Methods: We analyzed the CMEs and early formation of coronal shocks associated with {\gamma}-ray events measured by the Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) from three eruptions behind the solar limb as viewed from Earth on 2013 Oct. 11, 2014 Jan. 06 and Sep. 01. We used a 3D triangulation technique, based on remote-sensing observations to model the expansion of the CME shocks from above the solar surface to the upper corona. Coupling the expansion model to various models of the coronal magnetic field allowed us to derive the time-dependent distribution of shock Mach numbers and the magnetic connection of particles produced by the shock to the solar surface visible from Earth. Results: The reconstructed shock fronts for the three events became magnetically connected to the visible solar surface after the start of the flare and just before the onset of the >100 MeV {\gamma}-ray emission. The shock surface at these connections also exhibited supercritical Mach numbers required for significant particle energization. [...] (Abridged)Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, version published in A&

Diagnosticul modificărilor morfologice ale parenchimului renal în hidronefroză la copii prin puncţie-biopsie

Summary The authors present the results of the morphologic study of kidney parenchyma’s pathologic modifications in 16 children with hydronephrosis through puncture-biopsy (Bard Magnum Biopsy System). In conclusion the puncture-biopsy method can be used to determine the disease clinical phase, as well as to reveal some pathogenetic mechanisms that allows by the aim of organ preservation the surgical tactics optimization and postoperative treatment adjustment. Introducere. Diagnosticul modificărilor morfologice în parenchimul renal, în cadrul hidronefrozei la copii, se bazează pe evaluarea leziunilor structurale care în mare măsură depind de diversitatea factorilor etiologici. Material şi metode. Studiul morfologic întreprins a avut ca scop elucidarea modificărilor morfologice ale parenchimului renal prin puncţie-biopsie efectuate cu Bard Magnum Biopsy System. Au fost studiate bioptate ale parenchimului renal la 16 copii cu hidronefroză. Bioptatele au fost fixate în sol. Formol neutru 4 şi 10%, incluse ulterior în parafină. Au fost utilizate coloraţiile hematoxilină-eozină, van Ghieson, Congo red. Rezultate şi concluzii. Examenul efectuat la microsocpia optică a evidenţiat modificări variate în toate componentele nefronului şi ale structurilor interstiţial-vasculare de intensitate şi de origine diversă: dilatativ-compresive - ectazie generalizată, leziuni ischemico-sclerotice şi atrofico-deformative; obstructive - de tip „hidronefroză intrarenală", transformare tubulară pseudochistică, displazice - imaturitate şi mostruozităţi glomerulare, polimorfism structural, oligoglomerulonefronie, multiglomerularitate; inflamatorii - tubulo-interstiţiale, peri- şi intraglomerulare exudativalterative, polimorfocelulare şi infiltrativ sclerotice; stenoze vasculare, hipertrofice şi sclerozante, depozite calcinoase postischemice etc. Caracterul, gradul lezional şi complexitatea morfologică a modificărilor în parenchimul renal pun în evidenţă două variante histopatologice: varaianta complicată şi pe cea necomplicată. Referitor la evoluţia modificărilor morfopatologice în parenchimul renal, acesta suportă 2 faze succesive: faza de ectazie şi faza de atrofie. De menţionat că prezenţa elementului inflamator este determinantă în morfogeneza dereglărilor funcţionale renale în cadrul variantei complicate. Aşadar, diagnosticul prin puncţie-biopsie în hidronefroză poate fi utilizat în aprecierea variantelor patologice şi a fazelor clinico-evolutive, a studiului unor verigi etiopatogenetice ale maladiei, ceea ce ar permite soluţionarea problemei în vederea păstrării organului, precum şi determinarea conduitei în perioada postoperatorie

Chloride anion transporters inhibit growth of methicillin-resistant: Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro

A series of aminopyrrolic receptors were tested as anion transporters using POPC liposome model membranes. Many were found to be effective Cl(−) transporters and to inhibit clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus growth in vitro. The best transporters proved effective against the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, Mu50 and HP1173. Tris-thiourea tren-based chloride transporters were also shown to inhibit the growth of S. aureus. in vitro

Orthographic facilitation in oral vocabulary acquisition

An experiment investigated whether exposure to orthography facilitates oral vocabulary learning. A total of 58 typically developing children aged 8-9 years were taught 12 nonwords. Children were trained to associate novel phonological forms with pictures of novel objects. Pictures were used as referents to represent novel word meanings. For half of the nonwords children were additionally exposed to orthography, although they were not alerted to its presence, nor were they instructed to use it. After this training phase a nonword-picture matching posttest was used to assess learning of nonword meaning, and a spelling posttest was used to assess learning of nonword orthography. Children showed robust learning for novel spelling patterns after incidental exposure to orthography. Further, we observed stronger learning for nonword-referent pairings trained with orthography. The degree of orthographic facilitation observed in posttests was related to children's reading levels, with more advanced readers showing more benefit from the presence of orthography

Chloride anion transporters inhibit growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro

A series of aminopyrrolic receptors were tested as anion transporters using POPC liposome model membranes. Many were found to be effective Cl– transporters and to inhibit clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus growth in vitro. The best transporters proved effective against the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, Mu50 and HP1173. Tris-thiourea tren-based chloride transporters were also shown to inhibit the growth of S. aureus. in vitro.<br/

11. Changes in Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Relationship Status during COVID19: Data from a 30 Country Sexual and Reproductive Health Study

This article is made available for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or be any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.Purpose: Important milestones - including romantic/sexual relationship development - were impacted by COVID19 mitigation measures. We examined self-reported change in relationship status before, during and after COVID among AYA who participated in a 30-country survey. Methods: Data were drawn from the International Sexual Health And REproductive Health Survey (I-SHARE-1), a multi-country, cross-sectional, online study conducted to assess the impact of the pandemic on adult sexual health across the globe. Participants were recruited through local, regional, and national networks (e.g. listservs of professional organizations and international health organizations, social media, etc.) of each country’s research team. We drew a subsample of AYA (N=7527 18-26 years; 32.3% of the total sample; 60.1% female, 86.1% cisgender, 77.1% heterosexual). We examined 5 categories of relationship status change: 1) unpartnered pre/post; 2) unpartnered pre, new partner post; 3) same partner pre/post; 4) partnered pre, broke up, unpartnered post; 5) partnered pre, broke up, new partner post. Random intercept mixed effects multinomial regression (gllamm; Stata 17.0; all p<.05) adjusted for country-level clustering was used to understand how demographic (age, gender identity, sexual identity, employment status during COVID, mental health, distancing or isolation during COVID) and country-level predictors (income group, Oxford Stringency Index [national response to COVID], Palma Ratio [country-income inequality) and Gender Inequality Index (country-gender inequality) were associated with relationship change. Results: 15% of AYA had no partner pre/post COVID, 5% were unpartnered pre-COVID with new partner post. 63.3% had the same partner pre/post, whereas 11.3% had a partner pre-COVID, but broke up and had no new partner post-COVID. Less than 5% had a new partner post-COVID after breaking up with their pre-COVID partner. Of those who broke up with their partner, the majority ended during (44.4%) or after (26.6%) COVID-lockdowns, and one-third thought social distancing precipitated the relationship’s end. Older (RRR=0.86-0.91), female (RRR=0.32-0.63) and transgender AYA (RRR=0.10-0.37) all had a lower risk, and sexual minority AYA had a higher risk (RRR=1.35-1.51), of being in all status categories compared to being in the same relationship before-and-after COVID. Higher mental health scores were linked to lower probability of being unpartnered pre/post as compared to being partnered pre/post (RRR=0.89-0.82). Social-distancing was associated with a lower risk for pre-COVID unpartnered individuals finding new post-COVID relationships (RRR=0.76) or of partnered individuals breaking up, while ever being in isolation was associated with higher risk of being unpartnered pre/post (RRR=1.20). Higher country income was associated with being unpartered pre-COVID (RRR=0.08-0.12) and higher risk of having a pre-COVID relationship break-up (RRR=1.32). Unpartnered individuals in countries with higher lockdown stringency had a greater probability of finding a new post-COVID relationship (RRR=1.13). Conclusions: COVID measures were associated with AYA relationships both initiating and ending. Strategies for relationship development/support should be included as part of preparation for future public health emergencies

Immediate pre-meal water ingestion decreases voluntary food intake in lean young males

Purpose: Consuming 375-500 ml of water 30 min before a meal has been shown to reduce energy intake in older, but not younger adults. This study investigated the effects of ingesting a water preload immediately pre-meal (<1 min before eating) on within-meal ad-libitum energy intake in non-obese young males. Methods: Fourteen healthy males (mean (SD) age 27 (3) y, Height 1.83 (0.05) m, body weight 80.47 (9.89) kg, body fat 17.5 (4.0) %, body mass index 24.0 (2.5) kg/m2) completed a familiarisation trial and two experimental trials in randomised counterbalanced order. Subjects arrived at the laboratory overnight fasted and consumed an ad-libitum porridge breakfast. Immediately prior to the meal, subjects consumed either a 568 ml (1 pint) water preload (preload trial) or no preload (control trial). Visual analogue scale questionnaires to assess hunger, fullness and satisfaction were completed before and after the meal in both trials, as well as after the water preload. Results: Ad-libitum energy intake was greater (P<0.001) during control (2551 (562) kJ) than preload (1967 (454) kJ). Ad-libitum water intake was also greater (P<0.001) during control (318 (226-975) ml) than preload (116 (0-581) ml). The water preload increased fullness and satisfaction and decreased hunger compared to pre-trial (P<0.001) and the control trial (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that consumption of a 568 ml water preload immediately before a meal reduces energy intake in non-obese young males. This might therefore be an effective strategy to suppress energy intake in this population and possibly assist with weight management

Fermi Large Area Telescope Observations of the Cosmic-Ray Induced gamma-ray Emission of the Earth's Atmosphere

We report on measurements of the cosmic-ray induced gamma-ray emission of Earth's atmosphere by the Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The LAT has observed the Earth during its commissioning phase and with a dedicated Earth-limb following observation in September 2008. These measurements yielded 6.4 x 10^6 photons with energies >100MeV and ~250hours total livetime for the highest quality data selection. This allows the study of the spatial and spectral distributions of these photons with unprecedented detail. The spectrum of the emission - often referred to as Earth albedo gamma-ray emission - has a power-law shape up to 500 GeV with spectral index Gamma = 2.79+-0.06.Comment: Accepted for publication in PR