Towards a scientific interpretation of the terroir concept: plasticity of the grape berry metabolome

BACKGROUND: The definition of the terroir concept is one of the most debated issues in oenology and viticulture. The dynamic interaction among diverse factors including the environment, the grapevine plant and the imposed viticultural techniques means that the wine produced in a given terroir is unique. However, there is an increasing interest to define and quantify the contribution of individual factors to a specific terroir objectively. Here, we characterized the metabolome and transcriptome of berries from a single clone of the Corvina variety cultivated in seven different vineyards, located in three macrozones, over a 3-year trial period. RESULTS: To overcome the anticipated strong vintage effect, we developed statistical tools that allowed us to identify distinct terroir signatures in the metabolic composition of berries from each macrozone, and from different vineyards within each macrozone. We also identified non-volatile and volatile components of the metabolome which are more plastic and therefore respond differently to terroir diversity. We observed some relationships between the plasticity of the metabolome and transcriptome, allowing a multifaceted scientific interpretation of the terroir concept. CONCLUSIONS: Our experiments with a single Corvina clone in different vineyards have revealed the existence of a clear terroir-specific effect on the transcriptome and metabolome which persists over several vintages and allows each vineyard to be characterized by the unique profile of specific metabolites.Andrea Anesi, Matteo Stocchero, Silvia Dal Santo, Mauro Commisso, Sara Zenoni, Stefania Ceoldo, Giovanni Battista Tornielli, Tracey E. Siebert, Markus Herderich, Mario Pezzotti and Flavia Guzz

Effet terroir et composés polyphénoliques des vendanges et des vins de cabernet franc

National audienc

Supernatural signification system amuf on death ritual speech nen fen nahat neu nitu in boti society

Signification system in this article is based on de Saussure's idea of syntagmatic and associative relationships (paradigmatic). The theory is then modified by applying cognitive map referring to the principle of signification system. The data used were obtained from the ritual speech Onen Fen Nahat Nitu 'prayer for offering souls' which is grouped into the ritual of death. Data interpretation uses cognitive map instrument to describe the visual image of Boti people's point of view. In this way, the result of the supernatural signifying system 'amuf' is realized by the lingual pronoun of singular second person ho 'you', that is the allomorph of ko 'you' (if it presents as an object/personal pronoun stating ownership/genitive/possessive). The paradigmatic network analysis describes supernatural features of amuf 'ancestral spirits' in 10 paradigmatic relations derived from amuf/ho, namely: (1) ho meitik fani mnahat bi ho lanan 'you bring provisions for your journey'; (2) ho he mfani neu hit ama uis neno 'you go back to father uis neno' (3) ho he mfani neu hit kua mnasi es nane 'you go back to the old village'; (4) ho simo nae ho pa 'ma ho nama' you take your rights and portion '; (5) ho he mnao nei bi tabu i 'you go now'; (6) leka ho mtia hit uam mnasi if you get to our old village '; (7) ho mueku mok ale 'hit amuf sin' you meet our ancestors' (8) ho mnaiti mutonan sin, onen neu kai bi pah manifu i 'you meet them, pray for us'; (9) ho mnao 'you go'; (10) ho naikais amnikan kai ok-oke 'you do not forget us all'

Supernatural signification system amuf on death ritual speech nen fen nahat neu nitu in boti society

Signification system in this article is based on de Saussure's idea of syntagmatic and associative relationships (paradigmatic). The theory is then modified by applying cognitive map referring to the principle of signification system. The data used were obtained from the ritual speech Onen Fen Nahat Nitu 'prayer for offering souls' which is grouped into the ritual of death. Data interpretation uses cognitive map instrument to describe the visual image of Boti people's point of view. In this way, the result of the supernatural signifying system 'amuf' is realized by the lingual pronoun of singular second person ho 'you', that is the allomorph of ko 'you' (if it presents as an object/personal pronoun stating ownership/genitive/possessive). The paradigmatic network analysis describes supernatural features of amuf 'ancestral spirits' in 10 paradigmatic relations derived from amuf/ho, namely: (1) ho meitik fani mnahat bi ho lanan 'you bring provisions for your journey'; (2) ho he mfani neu hit ama uis neno 'you go back to father uis neno' (3) ho he mfani neu hit kua mnasi es nane 'you go back to the old village'; (4) ho simo nae ho pa 'ma ho nama' you take your rights and portion '; (5) ho he mnao nei bi tabu i 'you go now'; (6) leka ho mtia hit uam mnasi if you get to our old village '; (7) ho mueku mok ale 'hit amuf sin' you meet our ancestors' (8) ho mnaiti mutonan sin, onen neu kai bi pah manifu i 'you meet them, pray for us'; (9) ho mnao 'you go'; (10) ho naikais amnikan kai ok-oke 'you do not forget us all'

Noise study of magnetic field sensors based on magnetic tunnel junctions

International audienceLow frequency noise has been studied for two types of magnetic field sensors based on magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ). The first structure, composed of a few large MTJs, is designed for low noise applications; the second one, composed of hundreds of small MTJs, is designed for general purposes. At low frequency, both structures exhibit 1/f noise, but with very different amplitudes. The sensors for general purposes show a much higher noise level compared to the low-noise sensors. However, the sensitivity of the low noise sensors is much smaller compared to the other ones. Thus, the limit of detection, defined as the ratio of noise and sensitivity, turns out to be roughly the same for both technologies. Using the advantages of each sensor could help to design a sensor with an improved limit of detection

Effects on varietal aromas during wine making: a review of the impact of varietal aromas on the flavor of wine

Although there are many chemical compounds present in wines, only a few of these compounds contribute to the sensory perception of wine flavor. This review focuses on the knowledge regarding varietal aroma compounds, which are among the compounds that are the greatest contributors to the overall aroma. These aroma compounds are found in grapes in the form of nonodorant precursors that, due to the metabolic activity of yeasts during fermentation, are transformed to aromas that are of great relevance in the sensory perception of wines. Due to the multiple interactions of varietal aromas with other types of aromas and other nonodorant components of the complex wine matrix, knowledge regarding the varietal aroma composition alone cannot adequately explain the contribution of these compounds to the overall wine flavor. These interactions and the associated effects on aroma volatility are currently being investigated. This review also provides an overview of recent developments in analytical techniques for varietal aroma identification, including methods used to identify the precursor compounds of varietal aromas, which are the greatest contributors to the overall aroma after the aforementioned yeast-mediated odor release