Characterization and analysis of deformation heterogeneities in commercial purity titanium

International audienceThe effects of solute oxygen, loading direction and strain level on the microscale plastic strain distribution in representative areas of commercially-pure titanium have been characterized by correlation of high resolution SEM images captured during in situ tensile tests. A spatial organization of highly-deformed bands was observed from the early stages of plastic flow and remained nearly unchanged as the materials were strained. The high strains close to grain boundaries were related to intense local slip activity, grain boundary sliding or kink bands formation. The plastic strain field was more homogeneous in the oxygen-rich material, which was attributed primarily to a smaller contribution of grain boundary sliding, due to the presence of hard β phase particles along the grain boundaries

Etude physico-chimique et parasitologique des eaux usées destinées à l\'irrigation du périmètre péri-urbain de Fouarat (Kénitra, Maroc).

Les eaux usées de la commune urbaine de Saknia-Fouarat (Kénitra) sont rejetées sans aucun traitement préalable dans le lac Fouarat. Celles-ci sont en partie réutilisées pour l\'irrigation du périmètre péri-urbain de cette zone à vocation agricole. La caractérisation physico-chimique des echantillons a révélé un pH proche de la neutralité et des teneurs en sels relativement importantes. La teneur en chlorures a été de 112,5 mg/l. La charge polluante engendrée par ces effluents urbains a été comprise entre 24 et 124 mg/l pour la DBO5, 110,40 et 418,33 mg/l pour la DCO et entre 350 et 615 mg/l pour les MES. Ces paramètres de pollution ont été relativement faibles, comparativement à la moyenne des concentrations habituellement rencontrées pour les eaux usées urbaines du Maroc. Le rapport DCO/DBO5 a été de 3,48. Cette valeur élevée montre que les eaux usées de la commune urbaine de Saknia-Fouarat sont caractérisées par une pollution inorganique liée, notamment, au rejet des effluents d\'industrie textile raccordée au collecteur. L\'analyse parasitologique montre une forte contamination de ces eaux usées par les oeufs d\'helminthes, soit 32,4 oeufs/l, concentration nettement supérieure aux normes de l\'OMS (Organisation Mondiale de la Santé) relatives aux eaux destinées à l\'irrigation non restrictive des cultures. Les effluents constituent donc un risque environnemental pour la nappe phréatique sous-jacente exploitée par l\'ONEP (Office National de l\'Eau Potable) et pour les eaux du lac Fouarat. En conclusion, le traitement préalable de ces rejets est vivement recommandé, avant leur rejet dans le lac Fouarat pour usage comme eau d\'irrigation des cultures maraîchères.Effluents of the Saknia-Fouarat urban district (Kenitra city) are rejected in the Fouarat Lake without prior treatment. Part of the effluents is used to irrigate the peri-urban perimeter of this agriculturally-rich area. The physico-chemical characterization of these effluents revealed that pH is close to neutrality with relatively high salt content. Chloride concentraqtion was of about 112.5 mg/l. The polluting load generated by these urban effluents was between 24 and 124 mg/l for the BDO5, 110.4 and 418.33 mg/l for the COD and between 350 and 615 mg/l for suspended particles. All these pollutions parameters were relatively low, as compared to the average concentrations of the usual moroccan urban effluents. The calculated COD/BDO5 ratio was 3.48. This high value shows that these wastewaters are characterized by an inorganic pollution related to effluents rejection by the textile industry connected to the main collector. The parasitological characterization of the effluents shows a strong contamination by Helminths parasites eggs (32.4 eggs/l). This concentration largely exceeds the WHO standars concerning water used for non-restrictive irrigation of the cultures. Our results show that effluents used for irrigation cultures in the Fouarat perimeter induce an environmental risk for the subjacent ground water exploited by the ONEP and for the Fouarat Lake water consequently, we highly recommend the treatment of these effluents before their rejection in the Fouarat lake and the in use for irrigation. Keywords: Pollution, eaux usées, physico-chimie, Helminthes, lac Fouarat, MarocAgronomie Africaine Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 251-26

The Middle East and Eastern Europe rabies Expert Bureau (MEEREB) third meeting: Lyon-France (7–8 April, 2015)

MEEREB is an inter-regional network of countries from North Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia that work together with the aim of improving rabies control and prevention at local, regional and global level. MEEREB members met for the third time in 2015 in France (Lyon) to review the current rabies situation within the network and to discuss the way forward the prospect of a One Health approach against rabies. Dogs were the main vector of transmission in all MEEREB countries except for Croatia and Serbia where foxes represented the primary source. The number of rabies animal cases reported in 2014 varied substantially between countries with Ukraine reporting the highest number of animal cases. Human cases still occur in North Africa and all Middle East and Eurasian countries while no cases of human rabies were reported in Croatia, Serbia and Romania, although cases of rabies were identified in both dogs and foxes in 2014. Participants concluded that MEEREB can act as a think-tank where countries can share data, information, experiences and best practices to jointly address challenges in rabies control and prevention. They called for elimination of dog-transmitted rabies through vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin stockpiles and implementation of a One Health approach to achieve rabies’s eradication. Keywords: MEEREB, Rabies, Epidemiology, Repor

Rabies in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and North Africa : building evidence and delivering a regional approach to rabies elimination

The Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and North Africa Rabies Control Network (MERACON), is built upon the achievements of the Middle East and Eastern Europe Rabies Expert Bureau (MEEREB). MERACON aims to foster collaboration among Member States (MS) and develop shared regional objectives, building momentum towards dog-mediated rabies control and elimination. Here we assess the epidemiology of rabies and preparedness in twelve participating MS, using case and rabies capacity data for 2017, and compare our findings with previous published reports and a predictive burden model. Across MS, the number of reported cases of dog rabies per 100,000 dog population and the number of reported human deaths per 100,000 population as a result of dog-mediated rabies appeared weakly associated. Compared to 2014 there has been a decrease in the number of reported human cases in five of the twelve MS, three MS reported an increase, two MS continued to report zero cases, and the remaining two MS were not listed in the 2014 study and therefore no comparison could be drawn. Vaccination coverage in dogs has increased since 2014 in half (4/8) of the MS where data are available. Most importantly, it is evident that there is a need for improved data collection, sharing and reporting at both the national and international levels. With the formation of the MERACON network, MS will be able to align with international best practices, while also fostering international support with other MS and international organisations.Mérieux Foundation (MF) and the University of Surrey Doctoral College.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jipham2022BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant Patholog