Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET

The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR

Characteristics of the nuclear (18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S) and mitochondrial (12S and 16S) rRNA genes of Apis mellifera (Insecta: Hymenoptera): structure, organization, and retrotransposable elements

As an accompanying manuscript to the release of the honey bee genome, we report the entire sequence of the nuclear (18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S) and mitochondrial (12S and 16S) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-encoding gene sequences (rDNA) and related internally and externally transcribed spacer regions of Apis mellifera (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apocrita). Additionally, we predict secondary structures for the mature rRNA molecules based on comparative sequence analyses with other arthropod taxa and reference to recently published crystal structures of the ribosome. In general, the structures of honey bee rRNAs are in agreement with previously predicted rRNA models from other arthropods in core regions of the rRNA, with little additional expansion in non-conserved regions. Our multiple sequence alignments are made available on several public databases and provide a preliminary establishment of a global structural model of all rRNAs from the insects. Additionally, we provide conserved stretches of sequences flanking the rDNA cistrons that comprise the externally transcribed spacer regions (ETS) and part of the intergenic spacer region (IGS), including several repetitive motifs. Finally, we report the occurrence of retrotransposition in the nuclear large subunit rDNA, as R2 elements are present in the usual insertion points found in other arthropods. Interestingly, functional R1 elements usually present in the genomes of insects were not detected in the honey bee rRNA genes. The reverse transcriptase products of the R2 elements are deduced from their putative open reading frames and structurally aligned with those from another hymenopteran insect, the jewel wasp Nasonia (Pteromalidae). Stretches of conserved amino acids shared between Apis and Nasonia are illustrated and serve as potential sites for primer design, as target amplicons within these R2 elements may serve as novel phylogenetic markers for Hymenoptera. Given the impending completion of the sequencing of the Nasonia genome, we expect our report eventually to shed light on the evolution of the hymenopteran genome within higher insects, particularly regarding the relative maintenance of conserved rDNA genes, related variable spacer regions and retrotransposable elements

Relationship of edge localized mode burst times with divertor flux loop signal phase in JET

A phase relationship is identified between sequential edge localized modes (ELMs) occurrence times in a set of H-mode tokamak plasmas to the voltage measured in full flux azimuthal loops in the divertor region. We focus on plasmas in the Joint European Torus where a steady H-mode is sustained over several seconds, during which ELMs are observed in the Be II emission at the divertor. The ELMs analysed arise from intrinsic ELMing, in that there is no deliberate intent to control the ELMing process by external means. We use ELM timings derived from the Be II signal to perform direct time domain analysis of the full flux loop VLD2 and VLD3 signals, which provide a high cadence global measurement proportional to the voltage induced by changes in poloidal magnetic flux. Specifically, we examine how the time interval between pairs of successive ELMs is linked to the time-evolving phase of the full flux loop signals. Each ELM produces a clear early pulse in the full flux loop signals, whose peak time is used to condition our analysis. The arrival time of the following ELM, relative to this pulse, is found to fall into one of two categories: (i) prompt ELMs, which are directly paced by the initial response seen in the flux loop signals; and (ii) all other ELMs, which occur after the initial response of the full flux loop signals has decayed in amplitude. The times at which ELMs in category (ii) occur, relative to the first ELM of the pair, are clustered at times when the instantaneous phase of the full flux loop signal is close to its value at the time of the first ELM

Uses and gratifications approach to marketing communications: How te serve the interests of all stakeholder groups

This study explores the uses and gratifications of different stakeholders regarding marketing communication messaging and how these uses and gratifications vary according to stakeholder loyalty. Marketing is increasingly recognising that in order to be effective, firms need to consider a broader range of stakeholders other than just consumers. However, current literature fails to identify how firms should interact with their various stakeholder groups and only identifies that such interactions should take place. In developing an understanding of how to interact with various stakeholder groups, the uses and gratifications approach was adopted and stakeholders were positioned on the extended ladder of stakeholder loyalty. The analysis of data emerging from a qualitative survey among 28 stakeholders of Philips Design demonstrates that the revealed uses and gratifications of various stakeholder groups regarding marketing communication messaging have much in common with classifications derived from studies of other mass media uses and gratifications. A wide range of uses and gratifications with regard to marketing communication messaging was revealed varying according to stakeholder loyalty. Based on their specific uses and gratifications the various stakeholder groups have different content preferences regarding marketing communication messaging. Based on these findings, companies can decide on how they should communicate with various stakeholder groups

Preserved White Matter Integrity Is a Marker of Familial Longevity

Neuro Imaging Researc

Visceral Adipose Tissue is Associated with Microstructural Brain Tissue Damage

Cardiovascular Aspects of Radiolog

Comparison between 2D and 3D computed tomography evaluation of glenoid bone defect in unilateral anterior gleno-humeral instability

Obiettivo. Scopo del nostro lavoro \ue8 stato valutare la concordanza tra misurazioni bidimensionali (2D) e tridimensionali (3D) con tomografi a computerizzata (TC) nella identifi cazione delle dimensioni e del tipo di difetto osseo di glena nell\u2019instabilit\ue0 gleno-omerale anteriore. Materiali e metodi. Cento pazienti con instabilit\ue0 glenoomerale anteriore monolaterale hanno eseguito esame TC delle spalle. Le immagini sono state riformate sia con il metodo 2D (multi-planar reconstruction, MPR) che 3D (volume rendering technique, VRT). L\u2019area del difetto di glena \ue8 stata calcolata in confronto con la glena sana ed \ue8 stata espressa in percentuale. La concordanza tra le due misurazioni \ue8 stata valutata con il metodo Bland- Altman; una differenza media del 5% \ue8 stata considerata clinicamente signifi cativa. Risultati. L\u2019analisi della concordanza tra le misurazioni MPR e VRT della percentuale di glena mancante ha mostrato una differenza media di 0,62%\ub11,96%. La concordanza percentuale tra le due misurazioni nel valutare la grandezza del difetto osseo \ue8 stata del 97% (p<0,0001). La concordanza percentuale nel discriminare il tipo di difetto osseo \ue8 stata del 97% (p<0,0001). Conclusioni. La concordanza tra misurazioni TC 2D (MPR) e 3D (VRT) nell\u2019identifi care le dimensioni ed il tipo di difetto osseo di glena nell\u2019instabilit\ue0 glenoomerale anteriore \ue8 stata cos\uec alta da poterle considerare intercambiabili.Purpose. This study evaluated the agreement between 2D and 3D computed tomography (CT) measurements in identifying the size and type of glenoid-bone defect in anterior glenohumeral instability. Materials and methods. One hundred patients affected by unilateral anterior glenohumeral instability underwent a CT of both shoulders. Images were processed with both 2D [multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)] and 3D [volumerendering (VR)] methods. The area of the missing glenoid was calculated in comparison with the healthy glenoid and expressed as a percentage. Agreement between the two measurements was assessed according to the Bland-Altman method; a 5% mean difference was considered as clinically relevant. Results. Analysis of agreement between MPR and VR measurements of the percentage of missing glenoid showed a mean difference equal to 0.62%\ub11.96%. Percent agreement between the two measurements in detecting the presence of bone defect was 97% (p<0.0001). Percent agreement between the two measurements in discriminating the type of bone defect was 97% (p<0.0001). Conclusions. Agreement between 2D (MPR) and 3D (VR) CT measurements to identify the size and type of glenoid-bone defect in anterior glenohumeral instability was so high that the two measurements can be considered interchangeable

Impact of nitrogen seeding on confinement and power load control of a high-triangularity JET ELMy H-mode plasma with a metal wall

This paper reports the impact on confinement and power load of the high-shape 2.5MA ELMy H-mode scenario at JET of a change from an all carbon plasma facing components to an all metal wall. In preparation to this change, systematic studies of power load reduction and impact on confinement as a result of fuelling in combination with nitrogen seeding were carried out in JET-C and are compared to their counterpart in JET with a metallic wall. An unexpected and significant change is reported on the decrease of the pedestal confinement but is partially recovered with the injection of nitrogen.Comment: 30 pages, 16 figure