290 research outputs found
Plasmodium yoelii infection of BALB/c mice results in expansion rather than induction of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells
Recently, we demonstrated elevated numbers of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells in Plasmodium yoeliiâinfected mice contributing to the regulation of antiâmalarial immune response. However, it remains unclear whether this increase in Treg cells is due to thymusâderived Treg cell expansion or induction of Treg cells in the periphery. Here, we show that the frequency of Foxp3(+) Treg cells expressing neuropilinâ1 (Nrpâ1) decreased at early timeâpoints during P. yoelii infection, whereas percentages of Helios(+) Foxp3(+) Treg cells remained unchanged. Both Foxp3(+) Nrpâ1(+) and Foxp3(+) Nrpâ1(â) Treg cells from P. yoeliiâinfected mice exhibited a similar Tâcell receptor VÎČ chain usage and methylation pattern in the Tregâspecific demethylation region within the foxp3 locus. Strikingly, we did not observe induction of Foxp3 expression in Foxp3(â) T cells adoptively transferred to P. yoeliiâinfected mice. Hence, our results suggest that P. yoelii infection triggered expansion of naturally occurring Treg cells rather than de novo induction of Foxp3(+) Treg cells
Shot-noise-limited spin measurements in a pulsed molecular beam
Heavy diatomic molecules have been identified as good candidates for use in
electron electric dipole moment (eEDM) searches. Suitable molecular species can
be produced in pulsed beams, but with a total flux and/or temporal evolution
that varies significantly from pulse to pulse. These variations can degrade the
experimental sensitivity to changes in spin precession phase of an electri-
cally polarized state, which is the observable of interest for an eEDM
measurement. We present two methods for measurement of the phase that provide
immunity to beam temporal variations, and make it possible to reach
shot-noise-limited sensitivity. Each method employs rapid projection of the
spin state onto both components of an orthonormal basis. We demonstrate both
methods using the eEDM-sensitive H state of thorium monoxide (ThO), and use one
of them to measure the magnetic moment of this state with increased accuracy
relative to previous determinations.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure
Light-cone distribution amplitudes of the baryon octet
We present results of the first ab initio lattice QCD calculation of the
normalization constants and first moments of the leading twist distribution
amplitudes of the full baryon octet, corresponding to the small transverse
distance limit of the associated S-wave light-cone wave functions. The P-wave
(higher twist) normalization constants are evaluated as well. The calculation
is done using flavors of dynamical (clover) fermions on lattices of
different volumes and pion masses down to 222 MeV. Significant SU(3) flavor
symmetry violation effects in the shape of the distribution amplitudes are
observed.Comment: Update to the version published in JHE
Search for the electric dipole moment of the electron with thorium monoxide
The electric dipole moment of the electron (eEDM) is a signature of
CP-violating physics beyond the Standard Model. We describe an ongoing
experiment to measure or set improved limits to the eEDM, using a cold beam of
thorium monoxide (ThO) molecules. The metastable state in ThO
has important advantages for such an experiment. We argue that the statistical
uncertainty of an eEDM measurement could be improved by as much as 3 orders of
magnitude compared to the current experimental limit, in a first-generation
apparatus using a cold ThO beam. We describe our measurements of the state
lifetime and the production of ThO molecules in a beam, which provide crucial
data for the eEDM sensitivity estimate. ThO also has ideal properties for the
rejection of a number of known systematic errors; these properties and their
implications are described.Comment: v2: Equation (11) correcte
Combining tomographic imaging and DEM simulations to investigate the structure of experimental sphere packings
We combine advanced image reconstruction techniques from computed X-ray micro
tomography (XCT) with state-of-the-art discrete element method simulations
(DEM) to study granular materials. This "virtual-laboratory" platform allows us
to access quantities, such as frictional forces, which would be otherwise
experimentally immeasurable.Comment: 20 pages, 17 figure
The Ï-meson light-cone distribution amplitudes from lattice QCD
We present the results of a lattice study of the normalization constants and second moments of the light-cone distribution amplitudes of longitudinally and transversely polarized mesons. The calculation is performed using two flavors of dynamical clover fermions at lattice spacings between and , different lattice volumes up to and pion masses down to . Bare lattice results are renormalized non-perturbatively using a variant of the RI'-MOM scheme and converted to the scheme. The necessary conversion coefficients, which are not available in the literature, are calculated. The chiral extrapolation for the relevant decay constants is worked out in detail. We obtain for the ratio of the tensor and vector coupling constants and the values of the second Gegenbauer moments and at the scale for the longitudinally and transversely polarized mesons, respectively. The errors include the statistical uncertainty and estimates of the systematics arising from renormalization. Discretization errors cannot be estimated reliably and are not included. In this calculation the possibility of decay at the smaller pion masses is not taken into account
Deformation of Small Compressed Droplets
We investigate the elastic properties of small droplets under compression.
The compression of a bubble by two parallel plates is solved exactly and it is
shown that a lowest-order expansion of the solution reduces to a form similar
to that obtained by Morse and Witten. Other systems are studied numerically and
results for configurations involving between 2 and 20 compressing planes are
presented. It is found that the response to compression depends on the number
of planes. The shear modulus is also calculated for common lattices and the
stability crossover between f.c.c.\ and b.c.c.\ is discussed.Comment: RevTeX with psfig-included figures and a galley macr
Fundamental Physics in Small Experiments
High energy physics aims to understand the fundamental laws of particles and
their interactions at both the largest and smallest scales of the universe.
This typically means probing very high energies or large distances or using
high-intensity beams, which often requires large-scale experiments. A
complementary approach is offered through high-precision measurements in small-
and mid-scale size experiments, often at lower energies. The field of such
high-precision experiments has seen tremendous progress and importance for
particle physics for at least two reasons. First, they exploit synergies to
adjacent areas of particle physics and benefit by many recent advances in
experimental techniques. Together with intensified phenomenological
explorations, these advances led to the realization that challenges associated
with weak couplings or the expected suppression factors from the mass scale of
new physics can be overcome with such methods. Second, many of these
measurements add a new set of particle physics phenomena and observables that
can be reached compared to the more conventional methodologies using high
energies. Combining high-precision, smaller-scale measurements with the
large-scale efforts therefore casts a wider and tighter net for possible
effects originating from physics beyond the Standard Model.
This report presents a broad set of small-scale research projects that could
provide key new precision measurements in the areas of electric dipole moments,
magnetic dipole moments, fermion flavor violation, tests of spacetime
symmetries, and tests with gravity. The growing impact of these high-precision
studies in high energy physics and the complementary input they provide
compared to large-scale efforts warrants strong support over the next decades.
In particular, EDM searches are expected to improve sensitivities by four or
more orders of magnitude in the next decade or two.Comment: Snowmass 2021 Community Study on the Future of Particle Physics, Rare
Processes and Precision Measurements Frontier, Topical Group RF3 Report v2: 3
additional references and one co-author adde
- âŠ