Fruit Description and Evaluation of Five Treatments to Break Seed Dormancy of Brownlowia peltata Benth.

Brownlowia peltata Benth. is a native tree from Borneo, in its germination problem was physical dormancy due to the hard pericarp of the fruit. The study aimed to evaluate five treatments for breaking the seed physical dormancy and the fruit description. The experiment was using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four different temperatures of water immersion, a scarification, and control. The fruit of B. peltata was a woody follicle; belong to yellow green group 148 A in color; 29.64 mm in long; 21.62 mm in thickness; 29.86 mm in wide, with an average weight of 12.05 g. Hot water immersion treatment of 40 °C for 60 s; 60 °C for 60 s and 80 °C for 30 s could raise the fruit moisture content of 0.92 % to 1.04 %. There was a significant difference on germination rate coefficient and coefficient of uniformity of germination among treatments. The mature seed does not have a physical dormancy once the carpel splits and create a slit (fruit opening).Keywords: Brownlowia pellata Benth; dormancy; fruit; seed; viability

Keanekaragaman Benalu di Ecopark, Cibinong Science Center-Botanic Gardens

AbstrakArea konservasi ex situ, Ecopark Cibinong Science Center-Botanic Gardens (CSC-BG), membutuhkan strategi pemeliharaan tanaman koleksi yang tepat untuk mendukung kesehatan dan keberlanjutan koleksinya. Serangan benalu atau tumbuhan parasit tidak hanya dapat merusak estetika, namun juga menghambat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan, bahkan membunuh tanaman koleksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis benalu dan distribusi spasial dari sebaran benalu di Ecopark CSC-BG. Pengumpulan spesimen dan data, meliputi jenis dan jumlah benalu, jenis dan kondisi inang, habitat menggunakan metode jelajah di seluruh area ini. Ditemukan empat jenis benalu dari suku Lorantaceae, yaitu Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq., Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) Danser, Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh., dan Dendrophthoe sp. Benalu tersebut tersebar di bioregion Blok 1, Jawa-Bali, Kalimantan, Sumatra, dan Papua. Beberapa faktor ekofisiologi yang disarankan untuk diperhatikan dalam distribusi benalu adalah tinggi inang, ekspos cahaya pada tajuk bagian atas inang, kepadatan tanaman koleksi, keterbukaan atau ekspos cahaya matahari pada habitat. Indeks keanekaragaman (H’) dan indeks kemerataan (E’) benalu yang ditemukan menunjukkan H’ = 1,29 dan E’ = 0,93. Hasil analisis pola spasial, keberadaan benalu relatif merata di seluruh bagian Ecopark CSC-BG, dengan keragaman jenis tertinggi berada di bioregion Jawa-Bali, Sumatra, dan Kalimantan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini 4 jenis benalu yang ditemukan di Ecopark CSC-BG dengan nilai indeks keanekaragaman jenis benalu tergolong sedang dengan pola sebaran merata.AbstractThe relevant information of existing mistletoes or parasitic plants in Ecopark-Cibinong Science Center & Botanic Gardens is needed to support the plant collection maintenance strategy. The attack of mistletoes does not only inflict the aesthetic values of the collection but also inhibits the growth and possibly kills the whole plant. This research aimed to know the mistletoes species diversity and spatial distribution in the garden. The exploration method was used to collect specimens and data, included the species and number of mistletoes, the host and its condition, habitat and location. Four species of Loranthaceae attacked the plant collection in bioregion Blok 1, Jawa-Bali, Sumatra dan Kalimantan. They were Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq., Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) Danser, Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh. and Dendrophthoe sp.. Some of the recommended ecophysiological factors to consider in the distribution of mistletoes in Ecopark, CSC-BG were host height, light exposure to the upper canopy of the host, plant collection density, openness, or exposure to sunlight in the habitat. The diversity index (H ') and evenness index (E') of mistletoes found in Ecopark CSC-BG were 1.29 and 0.93, respectively. Based on the results of spatial pattern analysis, the presence of mistletoes was relatively evenly distributed throughout the garden, with the highest species diversity found in the Java-Bali, Sumatra, and Kalimantan Bioregions. This study concludes that there were 4 species of mistletoes found in Ecopark CSC-BG with a moderate diversity index and an even distribution pattern

ETLINGERA COMOSA, A NEW SPECIES (ZINGIBERACEAE: ALPINIOIDEAE) FROM CENTRAL SULAWESI

ARDIYANI, M., ARDI, W. H., HUTABARAT, P. W. K. & POULSEN, A. D. 2021. Etlingera comosa, a new species (Zingiberaceae: Alpinioidea) from Central Sulawesi. Reinwardtia 20(2): 63−68. — Etlingera comosa Ardiyani & Ardi, a new and unusual species from Tentena, Central Sulawesi exhibiting terrestrial as well as epiphytic habit is described here. It is compared to the morphologically closest Etlingera sublimata A.D.Poulsen, but differs in having tufted sheath, bilobed and asymmetric ligule, loose peduncular bracts, densely pubescent fertile bracts and longer filament. Colour plates, notes on its conservation status and DNA barcode data for the new species are also provided

The Selection of Ornamental Plant for Landscape Design of Pollination Garden at Bogor Botanic Gardens

   Bogor Botanic Gardens is one of the outstanding green areas in Bogor City. Thousands of plant species are growing and providing suitable habitats and feed for various pollinators, such as butterflies, bees, and wasps. A well-designed pollination garden will benefit the pollinators and also create an educational facility for the community. This study aimed to select and characterize species of flowering plants that effectively attract pollinators, particularly Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera, in the pollination garden candidate area. The observa-tion had been carried out on 12 ornamental plant species: Pennisetum purpureum, Cosmos sp., Pachystachys lutea, Cuphea hyssopifolia, Orthosiphon aristatus, Lantana camara, Citrus aurantifolia, Buddleja davidii, Ixora javanica, Nerium oleander, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and Aglaia odorata. The method for observing pollinators was a standard walking method. Pollinator photos, its number, its visit time, and the plants it visited were recorded. A total of 23 species of Lepidoptera (20 species from 4 families and 3 species were unidentified) and 9 species of Hymenoptera (4 families) were found in the area with the best obser-vation time at 08.30-09.30 (GMT+7). The most visited plants by pollinators were Cuphea hyssopifolia, Lantana camara and Orthosiphon aristatus. Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera preferred blue-purple and bright-orange-yellow flowers. In addition, the flower characters that might influence pollinator visits are also described. The result would be an essential recommendation for plant selection, landscape design, and construction of the pollination garden in Bogor Botanic Gardens.

PREDICTION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR OLD TREES (> 100 YEARS OLD) TO FALL IN BOGOR BOTANICAL GARDEN

Since the establishment of the Bogor Botanical Garden (BBG) in 1817, the protection of the tree collections, even the loss of aging trees (> 100 years old), has been one of its most important tasks. Abiotic factors such as intense extreme events, i.e., heavy rainfall and strong winds, as well as biotic factors from human activities, pests and diseases, and the deterioration of the health of the plant collection with age, has threatened the survival of the old tree collections. As the BBG has many functions for conservation and human ecological activities, tree fall accidents have become a primary concern in preventing the loss of biodiversity and human life. Therefore, disaster map zonation is required to prevent and minimize such accident together with a prediction of which individual specimen is likely to fall. We examined the health of 154 to determine the falling probability of 1106 aged trees based on several factors that might cause the fall in the past and to make model predictions generated by nine supervised machine learning algorithms to get a binary value of falling probability and then classified into four categories (neglectable, low, moderate, and high probability of falling). Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation method was used to depict a zone map of trees prone to fall in BBG. We found 885 susceptible trees, of which 358 individual trees were highly susceptible to fall (red zone color), dominated by families from Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Sapindaceae, Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Araucariaceae, Malvaceae, and Anacardiaceae. This result was based on Random Forest model due to its highest accuracy among algorithms and its lowest false negative (FN) value. The FN value was important to minimize error calculation on aged trees that were not prone to fall but turned out to be prone to fall. The dominant factor contributing to high falling intensity was hollow and brittle on the tree trunks where many were found to have pests inside damaged parts such as termites, wood-borers, and bark-eaters. Several trees were found to have combined damages with more than a single causative factor that exacerbated tree’s health and increased falling probability

Decay Tree Detection in Bogor Botanic Gardens Collection Using Sonic Tomograph Technology

Bogor Botanic Gardens is an ex-situ plant conservation area in Indonesia. Since BBG is 103 years old, many collections are 100 years old or older. These antique collections may sustain damage, such as broken or collapsing, endangering visitors and employees. As a result, monitoring tree health at BBG is a critical task. According to the tree health monitoring data, 73 of 244 trees were further checked using the PiCUS Sonic Tomograph. Trees from the Fabaceae (31%) and Myrtaceae (10%) families were the most frequently checked. Walnuts trees from the Burseraceae family had the most specimens (47,94%). The PST effectively provides an immediate picture of the stem condition by calculating solid and decaying wood percentage values

Decay Tree Detection in Bogor Botanic Gardens Collection Using Sonic Tomograph Technology

Bogor Botanic Gardens is an ex-situ plant conservation area in Indonesia. Since BBG is 103 years old, many collections are 100 years old or older. These antique collections may sustain damage, such as broken or collapsing, endangering visitors and employees. As a result, monitoring tree health at BBG is a critical task. According to the tree health monitoring data, 73 of 244 trees were further checked using the PiCUS Sonic Tomograph. Trees from the Fabaceae (31%) and Myrtaceae (10%) families were the most frequently checked. Walnuts trees from the Burseraceae family had the most specimens (47,94%). The PST effectively provides an immediate picture of the stem condition by calculating solid and decaying wood percentage values

CATATAN WAKTU BERBUAH BEBERAPA TUMBUHAN DI RESORT SITUGUNUNG, TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG GEDE-PANGRANGO

Collecting seed in the wild for conservation purposes has been facing a challenge in determining the best time to conduct the fieldwork in particular area. Fruiting time of some species was resulted from seed collecting fieldwork in Situgunung Resort of Mt. Gede Pangrango National Park which were carried out during the rainy season of March 2018. There were 36 plant species from 24 families and 30 genera found in a fruiting stage. The information would be a benefit for science and particularly seed collecting or botanical fieldwork in the future.Collecting seed in the wild for conservation purposes has been facing a challenge in determining the best time to conduct the fieldwork in particular area. Fruiting time of some species was resulted from seed collecting fieldwork in Situgunung Resort of Mt. Gede Pangrango National Park which were carried out during the rainy season of March 2018. There were 36 plant species from 24 families and 30 genera found in a fruiting stage. The information would be a benefit for science and particularly seed collecting or botanical fieldwork in the future

Fruit Description and Evaluation of Five Treatments to Break Seed Dormancy of Brownlowia Peltata Benth.

Brownlowia peltata Benth. is a native tree from Borneo, in its germination problem was physical dormancy due to the hard pericarp of the fruit. The study aimed to evaluate five treatments for breaking the seed physical dormancy and the fruit description. The experiment was using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four different temperatures of water immersion, a scarification, and control. The fruit of B. peltata was a woody follicle; belong to yellow green group 148 A in color; 29.64 mm in long; 21.62 mm in thickness; 29.86 mm in wide, with an average weight of 12.05 g. Hot water immersion treatment of 40 °C for 60 s; 60 °C for 60 s and 80 °C for 30 s could raise the fruit moisture content of 0.92 % to 1.04 %. There was a significant difference on germination rate coefficient and coefficient of uniformity of germination among treatments. The mature seed does not have a physical dormancy once the carpel splits and create a slit (fruit opening)

Five newly recorded alien species of Hydrocotyle Tourn. ex L. (Araliaceae) in Java, Indonesia

We provide the occurrence data on five newly recorded alien Hydrocotyle Tourn. ex L. species (Araliaceae) in Java, namely H. acutiloba (F.Muell.) N.A.Wakef., H. bonariensis Comm. ex Lam., H. leucocephala Cham. & Schltdl., H. tripartita R.Br. ex A.Rich., and H. verticillata Thunb. Most species were introduced as ornamental plants and naturalized in Java. Hydrocotyle acutiloba and H. tripartita might have been accidentally introduced as soil contaminants during the Dutch Colonial Era, but both species had been misidentified as H. sibthorpioides. Descriptions, a key, distribution map, and images of the species are provided