A Fine Balance as An Indian Politic Background Representation

This paper is a fine representation of \u27\u27 a fine balance a novel written by Rohinton Mistry a major Indian writer, written in 1995, that described the Indian people in the period between 1970 to 1984 and all the side effects of the bad political system carried in that era. The project has been divided into an introduction containing a summary of the novel and a statement of the politics and the corruption of the government. One chapter that divided into two topics, the first one concerned the novel and the second concerned with corruption and weak politics in a wide scope. A conclusion that summarized the whole project in one paper that stated the idea of the writer

Development of thrombocytopenia is associated with improved survival in patients treated with immunotherapy

Background: Immune-related adverse events are associated with efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We hypothesize that immune-mediated thrombocytopenia could be a biomarker for response to ICIs. Materials & methods: This retrospective study included 215 patients with metastatic malignancies treated with ICIs. Patients were stratified by nadir platelet count. Outcomes of interest were progression-free survival and overall survival. Results: On multivariate analysis, grade 1 thrombocytopenia was positively associated with overall survival compared with patients who did not develop thrombocytopenia (hazard ratio [HR]= 0.28 [95% CI: 0.13–0.60]; p = 0.001), while grade 2–4 thrombocytopenia was not (HR= 0.36 [95% CI: 0.13–1.04]; p = 0.060). There was no association between degree of thrombocytopenia and progression-free survival. Conclusion: Follow-up studies are warranted to substantiate the predictive significance of thrombocytopenia in patients receiving ICIs

La disparité entre les résidents chirurgicaux et les chirurgiens enseignants des programmes des universités québécoises dans la perception de la supervision

Les résidents en chirurgie passent plus de la moitié de leur formation dans une salle d’opération dans le but d’acquérir les connaissances ainsi que les habiletés techniques nécessaires afin de développer l’autonomie la plus complète possible (Vollmer, Newman, Huang, Irish, Hurst, et Horvath, 2011). Cependant, certaines préoccupations sont éprouvées par ceux-ci face à la capacité d’effectuer certaines procédures de façon indépendante en fin de formation (Yeo, Viola, Berg, Lin, Nunez-Smith, Cammann, Bell, Sosa, Krumholz, Curry, 2009). Bien que les besoins en termes d’acquisition de techniques chirurgicales soient connus, les stratégies de supervision pour y arriver le sont moins. Certaines études ont d’ailleurs démontré une disparité dans la perception de l’enseignement et de la supervision entre les résidents chirurgicaux et les cliniciens enseignants (Levinson, Barlin et al. 2010, Vollmer, Newman et al. 2011, Snyder, Tarpley et al. 2012, Chen, Williams et al. 2014). Les différences entre les résidents chirurgicaux et les chirurgiens-enseignants des universités francophones québécoises dans la perception de la supervision ont donc été étudiées à différents niveaux et selon différentes dimensions pédagogiques, basé sur les modèles d’apprentissage cognitif ainsi que d’acquisition de compétence de Dreyfus & Dreyfus. Trente-quatre résidents et 59 chirurgiens de différents programmes chirurgicaux des universités francophones québécoises ont pris part à un questionnaire validé de type miroir basé sur une échelle de Likert. Les résultats obtenus démontrent une surestimation des chirurgiens quant à leur perception auto-évaluative de la supervision accordée en ce qui a trait à la sphère pré-opératoire. Ainsi, cela nous amène à croire qu’il y aurait potentiellement de lacunes en termes de supervision à ce niveau.Surgical residents spend more than half of their training in an operating room with the goal of acquiring the knowledge and technical skills necessary to develop the most complete autonomy (Vollmer, Newman, Huang, Irish, Hurst, and Horvath, 2011). However, some residents express concerns about their ability to perform certain procedures independently at the end of their training (Yeo, Viola, Berg, Lin, Nunez-Smith, Cammann, Bell, Sosa, Krumholz, Curry, 2009). While the needs for acquiring surgical techniques are understood, the supervisory strategies for achieving them are less clear. Some studies have demonstrated a disparity in the perception of teaching and supervision between surgical residents and clinical supervisors (Levinson, Barlin et al. 2010, Vollmer, Newman et al. 2011, Snyder, Tarpley et al. 2012, Chen, Williams et al. 2014). Disparity between surgical residents and attendings in perception of surgical supervision was therefore studied at different surgical levels and according to various pedagogical dimensions, based on the cognitive companionship model as well as Dreyfus & Dreyfus’ competence acquisition learning model. Thirty-four residents and 59 surgeons from French affiliated surgical programs of Quebec participated in a validated mirror-type questionnaire based on a Likert scale. The results obtained show an overestimation by surgeons of their self-evaluative perception of the supervision provided in the preoperative sphere. Thus, this leads us to believe that there may potentially be gaps in supervision at this level that would benefit further exploration

EFFECT OF AUTOLOGOUS PLATELET-RICH PLASMA ON DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS IN THE MANDIBLE OF RABBITS: A MORPHOLOGIC AND MORPHOMETRIC APPROACH

Distraction osteogenesis of the jaws is a common surgical practice in the treatment of pediatric craniofacial deformities. Autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) has been used to increase the healing potential of bones in humans during distraction osteogenesis. This article aims to study the morphometric and morphologic parameters resulting from the effect of PRP on bone healing after mandibular distraction in rabbits. Right mandibular distraction was performed in 12 rabbits divided equally into 2 groups. PRP and physiological saline were injected, according to a defined protocol, in the callus following distraction of the experimental and control groups respectively. The rabbits were sacrificed after a consolidation period of 45 days and the mandibles were surgically removed. Bone mineral density, radiographic analysis, mechanical properties and histological features of the lengthened bones were assessed using radiographic examination, dual X-ray absorptiometry, biomechanical testing and histology. Results showed that the regenerate bone density, the amount of trabeculation in addition to the bone mineral density and mineral content, as measured by absorptiometry, were better with PRP but not significantly different between groups. Two radiographs revealed a more consistent healing in the experimental mandibles compared with erratic outcomes in corresponding controls. Two of the latter could not be subjected to any mechanical testing because the mandibular parts, connected with fibrous tissue, were separated. Consequently, the biomechanical test depicted greater maximal loads in the experimental group. The histological studies exhibited more ossification and less connective tissue fibers in the experimental group. PRP accelerated healing of mandibles in rabbits following distraction and improved their biomechanical properties. These findings have significant clinical implications on reducing the period of consolidation of the mandibles which may not be immobilized like other bones for long period tim

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Background: Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. // Methods: We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung's disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. // Findings: We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung's disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middle-income countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in low-income countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. // Interpretation: Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF HYBRID NANOFLUID WITH CORROBORATIVE CHARACTERISTICS FOR SOLAR COLLECTOR APPLICATIONS

Adding metallic particles into thermal fluid systems has been widely considered as a promising approach to enhance heat transfer. However, the applications of the particlefluid mixtures are restricted due to the poor stability of those suspensions containing micro-sized particles. This study investigates the effect of using newly developed hybrid nanofluids as working fluid in flat plate solar collector (FPSC) to replace the conventional water-based fluid. The nanofluids assessed in this study are a combination of covalently functionalized-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CF-MWCNTs) and covalently functionalized-graphene nanoplatelets (CF-GNPs) with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) in distilled water (DW) as base fluid. These nano additives are believed to enhance the conductivity of the fluid heat transfer and boost its thermal efficiency

THE HYPOTHETICAL ROLE OF ZINC, MAGNESIUM, SELENIUM AND CAROTENOIDS IN THE PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CANCER: A CLINICAL BASIC STUDY

This study aimed to estimate an essential traces elements levels of Zinc (Zn), Magnesium (Mg), and Selenium (Se) also β-carotene and Lycopene from carotenoids to evaluate their roles in protecting of prostate gland cells from various oxidative processes in order to protect DNA from mutation which results in the accidence of prostate cancer. the samples of the study are selected from the community were they suffering from prostate cancer were taken randomly from 15 of men, suffering from prostate and 13persons healthy men, aged 45 to 70 years old. Results showed a highly significant which decreased when p < 0.001 in all level of Zn, Mg, Se β-carotene, Lycopen