Performance Comparison of Two Estimators for Two-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

This paper presents and compares the performance of two Kalman filter schemes, the discrete extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for estimating the states (winding currents, rotor speed and rotor angular position) of two-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). Estimating the states of the system is performed by propagating the mean and covariance of the state distribution. For linear systems, the general recursive Kalman filter algorithm based on MMSE (minimum mean squared error) is the straightforward estimation technique to be implemented. For nonlinear systems, extended Kalman filter (EKF) is considered to be the best nonlinear estimator. The EKF is based on linearizing the state and output equations at every sampling instant. Therefore, this estimator requires continuously computation of the Jacobian matrix. The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is based on implementation of the unscented transformation (UT) to the nonlinear state distribution (motor model). The UT uses the intuition that it is easier to approximate a probability distribution than it is to approximate an arbitrary nonlinear function or transformation. Apply this intuition to motor model, a set or cloud of points are generated around each state of motor model with specified sample mean and sample covariance. The nonlinear function (PMSM model) is applied to each of these points in turn to yield a transformed sample, and the predicted mean and covariance are calculated from the transformed sample. Based on predicted mean and covariance the UKF recursive algorithm can be developed. The performance  comparisons are based on standard deviation estimation errors of both estimators and the time computation effort required execute the algorithms of both filters. The simulated results show that the UKF gives best estimates at motor low speed, while its estimation performance degrade at high motor speed. On the other hand, the EKF shows bad estimation characteristics at low frequency and it yields good estimates at high source frequency. However,, the EKF algorithm keeps lower time computation effort over wide range of rotor speed than that required to execute the UKF software for the same range of source frequency. The PMSM motor model and the algorithms of both filters are built in Matlab package using S-function capability and scalar control strategy are used to account for constant stator magnetizing flu

Lane detection system for day vision using altera DE2

The active safety systems used in automotive field are largely exploiting lane detection technique for warning the vehicle drivers to correct any unintended road departure and to reach fully autonomous vehicles. Due to its ability, to be programmed, to perform complex mathematical functions and its characterization of high speed processing, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) could cope with the requirement of lane detection implementation and application. In the present work, lane detection is implemented using FPGA for day vision. This necessitates utilization of image processing techniques like filtering, edge detection and thresholding. The lane detection is performed by firstly capturing the image from a video camera and converted to gray scale. Then, a noise filtering process for gray image is performed using Gaussian and average filter. Methods from first and second order edge detection techniques have been selected for the purpose of lane edge detection. The effect of manually changing the threshold level on image enhancement has been examined. The results showed that raising threshold level would better enhance the image. The type of FPGA device used in the present work is Altera DE2. Firstly, the version DE2 Cyclone II start with (11xxxxxx-xxxx) together with Genx camera has been used. This camera supports both formats NTSC and PAL, while the above version of FPGA backups only NTSC format. The software of lane detection is designed and coded using Verilog language

Observer Sliding Mode Control Design for lower Exoskeleton system: Rehabilitation Case

Sliding mode (SM) has been selected as the controlling technique, and the state observer (SO) design is used as a component of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) to reduce the knee position trajectory for therapeutic purposes. The suggested controller will improve the needed position performances for the Exoskeleton system when compared to the proportional-derivative controller (PD) and SMC as feed-forward in the ADRC approach, as shown theoretically and through computer simulations. Simulink tool is used in this comparison to analyze the nominal case and several disruption cases. The results of mathematical modeling and simulation studies demonstrated that SMC with a disturbance observer strategy performs better than the PD control system and SMC in feed-forward with a greater capacity to reject disturbances and significantly better than these controllers. Performance indices are used for numerical comparison to demonstrate the superiority of these controllers

Type 1 versus type 2 fuzzy logic speed controllers for brushless dc motors

This work presented two fuzzy logic (FL) schemes for speed-controlled brushless DC motors. The first controller is a Type 1 FL controller (T1FLC), whereas the second controller is an interval Type 2 FL controller (IT2FLC). The two proposed controllers were compared in terms of system dynamics and performance. For a fair comparison, the same type and number of membership functions were used for both controllers. The effectiveness of the structures of the two FL controllers was verified through simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulation result showed that IT2FLC exhibited better performance than T1FLC

Performance Comparison of Different Observers for Pendubot

The aim of the work is to study the robust characteristics and performance of four different observers when used to estimate the states of underactuated mechanical system (Pendubot). This work include four observation techniques for state estimation which are Extended State Observer (ESO), nonlinear extended state observer (NESO), Linear Extended State Observer (LESO) and High gain observer (HGO). The Extended State Observer is a model independent observer which includes (NESO, LESO and ESO); it is used for state disturbance observation beside state observation and it has been applied to many practical applications. HGO has a special design of the observer gain that makes it robust to the uncertainties of the nonlinear functions. The effectiveness of each observer is evaluated in terms of its tracking speed and the variance of estimation error which is produced when the system is subjected to noise, disturbance and uncertainties. The observers performances are compared based on simulations using MATLAB package. The simulation results showed that NESO outperforms the other observers where it could give better robust characteristics under noise and uncertainty

Intelligent Fault Detection and Identification System for Analog Electronic Circuits Based on Fuzzy Logic Classifier

Analog electronic circuits play an essential role in many industrial applications and control systems. The traditional way of diagnosing failures in such circuits can be an inaccurate and time-consuming process; therefore, it can affect the industrial outcome negatively. In this paper, an intelligent fault diagnosis and identification approach for analog electronic circuits is proposed and investigated. The proposed method relies on a simple statistical analysis approach of the frequency response of the analog circuit and a simple rule-based fuzzy logic classification model to detect and identify the faulty component in the circuit. The proposed approach is tested and evaluated using a commonly used low-pass filter circuit. The test result of the presented approach shows that it can identify the fault and detect the faulty component in the circuit with an average of 98% F-score accuracy. The proposed approach shows comparable performance to more intricate related works