Itikad Baik Dalam Perspektif Hukum Kontrak Serta Implikasinya Terhadap Kepastian Hukum

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh fakta bahwa masih banyak kontrak yang dilakukan oleh para pihak tidak mengikuti asas itikad baik sebagai salah satu asas penting dalam membuat perjanjian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan metode kualitatif. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dengan mengkaji berbagai bahan hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan; 1) Asas itikad baik berakar pada Pasal 1338 ayat (3) KUHPer dengan formulasi upaya pihak yang melakukan kontrak untuk mengungkapkan fakta material dalam perjanjian apa adanya, tidak menyimpang dari isi kontrak, tidak menyalahgunakan kekuasaan, kooperatif, hati-hati, dan menghormati para pihak yang terlibat dalam kontrak; 2) peran itikad baik sangat penting dalam perumusan kontrak mulai dari tahap pra kontrak, negosiasi, penandatangan, hingga pelaksanaan kontrak; 3) pengadilan belum memiliki pemahaman yang mendalam dan konsisten tentang makna itikad baik yang dimaksud Pasal 1338 ayat (3) KUHPerdata. Awalnya, sikap pengadilan tentang itikad baik ini terlihat bahwa pada mulanya pengadilan lebih mengkedepankan asas pacta sunt servanda dan mengesampingkan itikad baik. Belakangan, itikad baik lebih dikedepankan. Bahkan, dengan itikad baik, penerapan pacta sunt servanda dikesampingkan. Dalam kasus putusan yang menjadi objek penelitian ini, ternyata majelis hakim lebih mementingkan asas pacta sun servanda daripada asas itikad baik dalam membuat perjanjian. Kata kunci: itikad baik, kontrak, perdata, pengadilan /This research is motivated by the fact that many contracts made by the parties do not follow the principle of good faith as one of the important principles in making the agreement. This research uses normative method with qualitative approach. The data used is secondary data by examining various legal materials. The results showed; 1) The principle of good faith is rooted in Article 1338 Paragraph (3) of the Civil Code by formulating the efforts of the contracting parties to disclose material facts in the agreement such as: not deviating from the contents of the contract, not misuse of power, cooperative, cautious, and respecting the parties who are involved in the contract; 2) the role of good faith is very important in the formulation of contracts starting from pre-contract stage, negotiation, signing, until contract implementation; 3) the court has not had a deep and consistent understanding of the meaning of good faith as meant in Article 1338 paragraph (3) of the Civil Code. Initially, the court's attitude about good faith shows that in the beginning the court put forward the principle of pacta sunt servanda and put aside good faith. Later, good faith is put forward. In fact, in good faith, the application of pacta sunt servanda is ruled out. In the case of this study, the judges panel is more concerned with the principle of pacta sun servanda than the principle of good faith in making the agreement. Keywords: good faith, contract, civil, cour

HEAVY METAL AND TRACE ELEMENT CONTAMINATION IN LEGUMES CEREAL AND PRODUCT SOLD IN LOCAL MARKET OF QUETTA CITY

Millet, wheat, rice, Barley, Biscuit, spaghetti, Noodle are mainly consumed as food in Quetta city. These samples were collected from Quetta city market for the analysis of heavy metals and trace elements by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The collected 35 samples of cereal, legumes and their product from local market of Quetta were analyzed by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. After digestion with 10:3 HNO3/HCIO4 for assessment to four potentially hazardous heavy metals, copper, zinc, Lead, Cadmium. Keywords: Heavy Metal, Trace element, Food source

The Ca²⁺-gated channel TMEM16A amplifies capillary pericyte contraction and reduces cerebral blood flow after ischemia

Pericyte-mediated capillary constriction decreases cerebral blood flow in stroke after an occluded artery is unblocked. The determinants of pericyte tone are poorly understood. We show that a small rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in pericytes activates chloride efflux through the Ca2+-gated anion channel TMEM16A, thus depolarizing the cell and opening voltage-gated calcium channels. This mechanism strongly amplifies the pericyte [Ca2+]i rise and capillary constriction evoked by contractile agonists and ischemia. In a rodent stroke model, TMEM16A inhibition slows the ischemia-evoked pericyte [Ca2+]i rise, capillary constriction and pericyte death, reduces neutrophil stalling and improves cerebrovascular reperfusion. Genetic analysis implicates altered TMEM16A expression in poor patient recovery from ischemic stroke. Thus, pericyte TMEM16A is a crucial regulator of cerebral capillary function, and a potential therapeutic target for stroke and possibly other disorders of impaired microvascular flow, such as Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia

High Throughput Sequencing Detect Gingivitis and Periodontal Oral Bacteria in Alzheimer’s Disease Autopsy Brains

The sporadic form of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia characterized microscopically by the presence of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau-neurofibrillary tangles with clinical presentation of cognitive deficit. Its etiology remains obscure. The cited literature from epidemiological studies suggests the presence of gingivitis and periodontitis almost double the risk for AD over a 10-year period. This feasibility study used 16S rDNA high throughput sequencing to evaluate the bacterial components of the oral microbiome in snap frozen human AD and non-AD control brains. Specimens (n = 20), 10 from AD brains and 10 from non-AD age-matched brains were subjected to molecular barcoding “blindly” with high throughput sequencing. Initial PCR treatment, using 14 different primer sets separately and in combination, identified 4 (40%) positive samples in the AD-group and 6 (60%) positive samples in the non-AD-group with bacterial species associated with the oral and the gastrointestinal tract. Brain cell lysates were validated for the presence of bacterial peptidoglycan and showed 8 out of 10 brains to be positive for this universal bacterial protein in both the AD and non-AD groups. Actinomycetales and Prevotella (bacterial marker for gingivitis) and Treponema and Veillonella, (periodontitis) were present exclusively in the AD group. This study confirmed Actinomycetales and Bacteroidales (Treponema and Veillonella species) were exclusively isolated from AD brain tissue, and supports other epidemiological which demonstrate gingivitis and periodontal disease to be associated with AD

The experience of maternal mental distress in The Gambia: A qualitative study identifying idioms of distress, perceptions of contributing factors and the supporting role of existing cultural practices

Maternal mental health problems are experienced frequently in the perinatal period and can be up to twice as common in women from low- and middle-income countries. The terms used to describe mental illness symptoms and the factors that contribute to developing these symptoms are affected by culture and context. Based on 14 focus group discussions held with pregnant women, health professionals and cultural leaders, this qualitative study aimed to understand women’s experiences of mental distress during the perinatal period in The Gambia. To do this it aimed to 1) identify the most commonly used idioms of distress, 2) identify the factors believed to affect women’s perinatal mental health and 3) explore the role of existing cultural practices, including musical practices, that were identified as locally significant in supporting maternal and mental health. Sondomoo tenkung baliyaa (Mandinka) and xel bu dalut (Wolof) were identified as the most commonly used idioms of distress which roughly translate to lack of a steady mind/heart. Using thematic analysis, six themes (Poverty of the healthcare system, Shifting cultural context, Economic factors, Social factors, Spiritual factors, and Cultural practices involving music) were identified to describe the factors that shape women’s experience of mental health during the perinatal period. Lack of economic resources, the prevailing poverty of the health system, an unsupportive husband and spiritual attack by evil spirits or witches were common reasons given for a woman experiencing maternal mental distress. Various existing cultural practices involving music, such as fertility societies, naming ceremonies and community music-making, were recognised as valuable for supporting women’s mental health during the perinatal period. This work emphasises that initiatives to support perinatal mental health should be grounded in an understanding of local community cultural practices, knowledge, and experiences

Monoclonal antibodies for copper-64 PET dosimetry and radioimmunotherapy

BACKGROUND: We previously described a two-antibody model of (64)Cu radioimmunotherapy to evaluate low-dose, solid-tumor response. This model was designed to test the hypothesis that cellular internalization is critical in causing tumor cell death by mechanisms in addition to radiation damage. The purpose of the present study was to estimate radiation dosimetry for both antibodies (mAbs) using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and evaluate the effect of internalization on tumor growth. RESULTS: Dosimetry was similar between therapy groups. Median time to tumor progression to 1 g ranged from 7–12 days for control groups and was 32 days for both treatment groups (p < 0.0001). No statistically significant difference existed between any control group or between the treatment groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In female nude mice bearing LS174T colon carcinoma xenografts, tumor dosimetry was calculated using serial PET images of three mice in each group of either internalizing (64)Cu-labeled DOTA-cBR96 (DOTA = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) or non-internalizing (64)Cu-labeled DOTA-cT84.66 from 3 to 48 h. For the therapy study, controls (n = 10) received saline, DOTA-cBR96 or DOTA-cT84.66. Treatment animals (n = 9) received 0.890 mCi of (64)Cu-labeled DOTA-cBR96 or 0.710 mCi of (64)Cu-labeled DOTA-cT84.66. Tumors were measured daily. CONCLUSIONS: PET imaging allows the use of (64)Cu for pre-therapy calculation of tumor dosimetry. In spite of highly similar tumor dosimetry, an internalizing antibody did not improve the outcome of (64)Cu radioimmunotherapy. Radio-resistance of this tumor cell line and copper efflux may have confounded the study. Further investigations of the therapeutic efficacy of (64)Cu-labeled mAbs will focus on interaction between (64)Cu and tumor suppressor genes and copper chaperones

Mental health care for irregular migrants in Europe: Barriers and how they are overcome

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Expression of antenatal symptoms of common mental disorders in The Gambia and the UK: a cross-sectional comparison study

Objectives It is important to be able to detect symptoms of common mental disorders (CMDs) in pregnant women. However, the expression of these disorders can differ across cultures and depend on the specific scale used. This study aimed to (a) compare Gambian pregnant women’s responses to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Self-reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and (b) compare responses to the EPDS in pregnant women in The Gambia and UK. Design This cross-sectional comparison study investigates Gambian EPDS and SRQ-20 scores through correlation between the two scales, score distributions, proportion of women with high levels of symptoms, and descriptive item analysis. Comparisons between the UK and Gambian EPDS scores were made by investigating score distributions, proportion of women with high levels of symptoms, and descriptive item analysis. Setting This study took place in The Gambia, West Africa and London, UK. Participants 221 pregnant women from The Gambia completed both the SRQ-20 and the EPDS; 368 pregnant women from the UK completed the EPDS. Results Gambian participants’ EPDS and SRQ-20 scores were significantly moderately correlated (rs=0.6, p<0.001), had different distributions, 54% overall agreement, and different proportions of women identified as having high levels of symptoms (SRQ-20=42% vs EPDS=5% using highest cut-off score). UK participants had higher EPDS scores (M=6.5, 95% CI (6.1 to 6.9)) than Gambian participants (M=4.4, 95% CI (3.9 to 4.9)) (p<0.001, 95% CIs (−3.0 to –1.0), Cliff’s delta = −0.3). Conclusions The differences in scores from Gambian pregnant women to the EPDS and SRQ-20 and the different EPDS responses between pregnant women in the UK and The Gambia further emphasise how methods and understanding around measuring perinatal mental health symptoms developed in Western countries need to be applied with care in other cultures