Non-equilibrium dynamics and floral trait interactions shape extant angiosperm diversity.

Why are some traits and trait combinations exceptionally common across the tree of life, whereas others are vanishingly rare? The distribution of trait diversity across a clade at any time depends on the ancestral state of the clade, the rate at which new phenotypes evolve, the differences in speciation and extinction rates across lineages, and whether an equilibrium has been reached. Here we examine the role of transition rates, differential diversification (speciation minus extinction) and non-equilibrium dynamics on the evolutionary history of angiosperms, a clade well known for the abundance of some trait combinations and the rarity of others. Our analysis reveals that three character states (corolla present, bilateral symmetry, reduced stamen number) act synergistically as a key innovation, doubling diversification rates for lineages in which this combination occurs. However, this combination is currently less common than predicted at equilibrium because the individual characters evolve infrequently. Simulations suggest that angiosperms will remain far from the equilibrium frequencies of character states well into the future. Such non-equilibrium dynamics may be common when major innovations evolve rarely, allowing lineages with ancestral forms to persist, and even outnumber those with diversification-enhancing states, for tens of millions of years

Ideological Rigidity vs. Political Reality: A Critique of Reagan\u27s Policy on the Law of the Sea

[T]he deep seas and ocean bottoms are, and remain, the legacy of all human beings. These words spoken by President Lyndon Johnson in 1966 foreshadowed an international movement to protect the oceans. Sixteen years later the movement culminated in a comprehensive Convention on the Law of the Sea-a treaty grounded upon the principle that oceans beyond the limits of national jurisdiction are the common heritage of mankind. \u2

Scripts

These are the R scripts for doing all the analyses in the paper. Note that we include a copy of diversitree with slight modifications (look for BCO in the code)

Agoraphobia

The theoretical part of this thesis overviews particular theories of agoraphobia between 1960 and presence oriented on answering a question of causes of this disease. Empirical part consists of outline of narrative research conceming analysis of life stories of women suffering from agoraphobia. The author is looking for possible causes of this disease by women

Data from: Non-equilibrium dynamics and floral trait interactions shape extant angiosperm diversity

Why are some traits and trait combinations exceptionally common across the tree of life, whereas others are vanishingly rare? The distribution of trait diversity across a clade at any time depends on the ancestral state of the clade, the rate at which new phenotypes evolve, the differences in speciation and extinction rates across lineages, and whether an equilibrium has been reached. Here we examine the role of transition rates, differential diversification (speciation minus extinction), and non-equilibrium dynamics on the evolutionary history of angiosperms, a clade well known for the abundance of some trait combinations and the rarity of others. Our analysis reveals that three character states (corolla present, bilateral symmetry, reduced stamen number) act synergistically as a key innovation, doubling diversification rates for lineages in which this combination occurs. However, this combination is currently less common than predicted at equilibrium because the individual characters evolve infrequently. Simulations suggest that angiosperms will remain far from the equilibrium frequencies of character states well into the future. Such non-equilibrium dynamics may be common when major innovations evolve rarely, allowing lineages with ancestral forms to persist, and even outnumber those with diversification-enhancing states, for tens of millions of years

Main analysis: source data

The data used in the main analysis of floral evolution

Forward in time simulations

These are the output of doing simulations forward in time to predict floral evolution

Summary files for testing sims

This includes the summary files from the simulations used to test faMUSSE