Movement and Physiological Demands of Australasian National Rugby League Referees.

Purpose: To evaluate the movement and physiological demands of the Australasian National Rugby League (NRL) referees, officiating with a ‘two referee’ (i.e., ‘lead’ and ‘pocket’) system and to compare the demands of the lead referee and pocket referees. Methods: 10 Hz global positioning system devices were used to obtain 86 data sets (‘lead’, n=41; ‘pocket’, n=45) on 19 NRL referees. Total distance, relative distance covered and heart rate per half and across match-play was examined within and between referees using t-tests. Distance, time and number of movement 'efforts' were examined in six velocity classifications (i.e., standing 7.0 m.s-1) using ANOVA. Cohen's d effect sizes were reported. Results: There were no significant differences between the ‘lead’ and ‘pocket’ referee for any movement or physiological variable. There was an overall significant (large; very large) effect for distance (% distance) and time (% time) (P 5.51 m.s-1. Conclusions: Findings highlight the intermittent nature of rugby league refereeing, but show that there were no differences in the movement and physiological demands of the two refereeing roles. Findings are valuable for those responsible for the preparation, training and conditioning of NRL referees, and to ensure training prepares for and simulates match demands

The Capability to Align Estimated Performance with Actual Performance: Insights from Physical & Cognitive Performance Contexts

Discrepancies between estimated and actual performance occur daily in both normative and performance based tasks. This is synonymous with a type of cognitive bias known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect (DKE). In this thesis, Chapter 2 examined the existing literature on estimation and performance alignment and DKEs using systematic and meta-analytical procedures. Findings identified a small-moderate correlation in the ability to align estimation with actual performance. In DKE terms, quartile 1 performers overestimated, while quartile 4 underestimated. Alignment correlations were also found to be moderated by methodological and task factors, but not participant characteristics. Chapter 3 assessed DKE prevalence and whether sporting experience, the time point of estimation, and reference group moderated trends in the physical tasks of Sprint and Vertical Jump. Notwithstanding DKE presence, trends were affected by time point of estimation. Estimation error was not related to current or previous sporting experience in either task. Chapter 4 examined DKEs in the cognitive contexts of the Stroop and Tower of Hanoi tasks, and assessed whether estimation error was moderated by time point of estimation, reference group, task difficulty, feedback, and efficacy. For both tasks, pre-task efficacy predicted estimation error, and time point of estimation affected estimation, with increases and decreases post-task in the Stroop and Tower of Hanoi respectively. Together, findings highlight DKE prevalence in multiple task contexts. DKE trends were moderated by task and methodological characteristics. Underlying mechanisms appear to implicate metacognitive skill as well as chronic-self views and pre-task efficacy. Increasing metacognitive skill and performance feedback is identified as a key strategy for error prevention and mitigation. Identifying DKE consequences and interventions that improve estimation-performance alignment are important future directions

Maine\u27s Connected Farm Buildings, Part II

This article (part two of two) discusses the possible reasons that Maine farmers modified traditional farm organization and created a connection of house and barn

Empowering Women\u27s Health and Wellness: The Role of Holistic Occupational Therapy

Background: Nearly two-thirds of women were unaware that pelvic floor rehabilitation is an available treatment for pelvic floor dysfunction (Burkhart et. al., 2021). Students, clients, and practitioners need supplemental, easily accessible resources for this broad emerging practice area of women’s health (Jones et. al., 2020). This Pressbook is a free, open-access, interactive educational resource for students, patients, and practitioners to improve understanding of holistic occupational therapy (OT) in women\u27s health. It highlights OT\u27s unique role in addressing the physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs of women. Method: Current OT students report a lack of resources and desire more support. A survey of 22 OT students at one doctoral-level university revealed a significant gap in women\u27s health education, with 100% of students reporting minimal curriculum focus. Despite this, 96.5% of students expressed interest in further learning about this practice area. A survey of 5 holistic occupational therapists highlighted common health concerns among female clients in women’s health. The needs analysis suggested a freely available, online, interactive publication would meet student, client, and practitioner desires. Before developing the publication, competence was established through continuing education courses, following media platforms by experts in the field, and a capstone focused in this practice area. Competence was gained for prenatal and postpartum care, pelvic dysfunction, and wellness. The evidenced-based publication was developed combining literature, continuing education, clinician feedback, and faculty review. The publication addresses areas of physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs of women’s health. Interactions and exercises in the publication reinforce content retention while additional resources, including videos and handouts, guide supplemental learning. Students explored the publication for 30-minutes in class. Student surveys and therapist questionnaires collected quantitative and qualitative feedback on the publication. Results: Students (n = 26) completed the publication feedback survey. A student survey showed a 99.2% satisfaction rate for the publication\u27s ease of use and organization. Insights into women\u27s health through holistic occupational therapy received a 96.2% satisfaction rate. Additionally, 96.2% of students expressed they are likely to use the publication again. Students found the publication graphics, pictures, and key takeaways to be most engaging. Therapists (n = 8) valued the content and reported ease of implementation in clinics. They were motivated to share it with clients to enhance their understanding of their condition. Conclusion: This freely available, online resource offers education on a variety of women’s health and wellness topics that are within the scope of OT practice. This supports OT programs, OT students, clients, and healthcare providers desiring to increase knowledge in this practice area. In a packed OT curriculum, OT programs may offer this resource for students who want to dive deeper in this practice area. Practitioners at clinical sites may also use this resource as onboarding or training materials for students going into a women’s health practice setting. This resource serves as a means to close the gap in women’s health services. References: Burkhart, R., Couchman, K., Crowell, K., Jeffries, S., Monvillers, S., & Vilensky, J. (2021). Pelvic floor dysfunction after childbirth: Occupational impact and awareness of available treatment. OTJR: Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 41(2), 108-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1539449220970881 Jones, J. Domanico, J., Peek, H., Lee, T. E., & Kern, L. A. (2020, July 23). Promoting women’s health and wellness. American Occupational Therapy Association. https://www.aota.org/publications/ot-practice/ot-practice-issues/2020/womens-healt

Maine\u27s Connected Farm Buildings

This article (part one of two) discusses the possible reasons that Maine farmers modified traditional farm organization and created a connection of house and barn

Aspergillus is monophyletic: Evidence from multiple gene phylogenies and extrolites profiles

Abstract Aspergillus is one of the economically most important fungal genera. Recently, the ICN adopted the single name nomenclature which has forced mycologists to choose one name for fungi (e.g. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, etc.). Previously two proposals for the single name nomenclature in Aspergillus were presented: one attributes the name “Aspergillus” to clades comprising seven different teleomorphic names, by supporting the monophyly of this genus; the other proposes that Aspergillus is a non-monophyletic genus, by preserving the Aspergillus name only to species belonging to subgenus Circumdati and maintaining the sexual names in the other clades. The aim of our study was to test the monophyly of Aspergilli by two independent phylogenetic analyses using a multilocus phylogenetic approach. One test was run on the publicly available coding regions of six genes (RPB1, RPB2, Tsr1, Cct8, BenA, CaM), using 96 species of Penicillium, Aspergillus and related taxa. Bayesian (MrBayes) and Ultrafast Maximum Likelihood (IQ-Tree) and Rapid Maximum Likelihood (RaxML) analyses gave the same conclusion highly supporting the monophyly of Aspergillus. The other analyses were also performed by using publicly available data of the coding sequences of nine loci (18S rRNA, 5,8S rRNA, 28S rRNA (D1-D2), RPB1, RPB2, CaM, BenA, Tsr1, Cct8) of 204 different species. Both Bayesian (MrBayes) and Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) trees obtained by this second round of independent analyses strongly supported the monophyly of the genus Aspergillus. The stability test also confirmed the robustness of the results obtained. In conclusion, statistical analyses have rejected the hypothesis that the Aspergilli are non-monophyletic, and provided robust arguments that the genus is monophyletic and clearly separated from the monophyletic genus Penicillium. There is no phylogenetic evidence to split Aspergillus into several genera and the name Aspergillus can be used for all the species belonging to Aspergillus i.e. the clade comprising the subgenera Aspergillus, Circumdati, Fumigati, Nidulantes, section Cremei and certain species which were formerly part of the genera Phialosimplex and Polypaecilum. Section Cremei and the clade containing Polypaecilum and Phialosimplex are proposed as new subgenera of Aspergillus. The phylogenetic analysis also clearly shows that Aspergillus clavatoflavus and A. zonatus do not belong to the genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus clavatoflavus is therefore transferred to a new genus Aspergillago as Aspergillago clavatoflavus and A. zonatus was transferred to Penicilliopsis as P. zonata. The subgenera of Aspergillus share similar extrolite profiles indicating that the genus is one large genus from a chemotaxonomical point of view. Morphological and ecophysiological characteristics of the species also strongly indicate that Aspergillus is a polythetic class in phenotypic characters

Design: One, but in different forms

This overview paper defends an augmented cognitively oriented generic-design hypothesis: there are both significant similarities between the design activities implemented in different situations and crucial differences between these and other cognitive activities; yet, characteristics of a design situation (related to the design process, the designers, and the artefact) introduce specificities in the corresponding cognitive activities and structures that are used, and in the resulting designs. We thus augment the classical generic-design hypothesis with that of different forms of designing. We review the data available in the cognitive design research literature and propose a series of candidates underlying such forms of design, outlining a number of directions requiring further elaboration

Prisoners in America

Prisoners in America. Edited by Lloyd E. Ohlin. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 1973. Pp. iv, 206. $6.9

A survey of xerophilic Aspergillus from indoor environment, including descriptions of two new section Aspergillus species producing eurotium-like sexual states

Volume: 19Start Page: 1End Page: 3

Filamentous fungal human pathogens from food emphasising Aspergillus, Fusarium and Mucor

The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/5/3/44/s1,TableS1: Human pathogenic filamentous fungi isolated recorded from food. Names that are currently invalid but found in the literature are indicated by square brackets.Disease caused by filamentous fungal human pathogens (FFHP) is increasing. These organisms cause severe mycoses in immunosuppressed individuals, such as those: (a) with AIDS; (b) having undergone transplantation; and/or (c) undergoing chemotherapy. Immunocompetent people can become infected. Some FFHP are isolated from foods which may be fomites. However, the information concerning particular species on specific food is large, dispersed and difficult to obtain. Reports of filamentous fungi from food/crops and causing human disease are frequently only available in the literature of food mycology/plant pathology and medical mycology, respectively: it is seldom cross-referenced. Aspergillus contains some species with strains that are the most dangerous FFHP, with Aspergillus fumigatus causing the most serious diseases. Fusarium and Mucor also contain species of high importance and approximately 15 other genera are involved. A checklist and database of FFHP species isolated from food is presented herein with emphasis on Aspergillus, Fusarium and Mucor in summary tables to increase awareness of the connection between food and FFHP. Metadata on all FFHP is provided in a large supplementary table for updating and revision when necessary. Previous names of fungi have been revised to reflect current valid usage whenever appropriate. The information will form a foundation for future research and taxonomic revisions in the field. The paper will be highly useful for medical practitioners, food mycologists, fungal taxonomists, patients, regulators and food producers interested in reducing infectious diseases and producing high quality food.The authors thank: (a) the FCT Strategic Project UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit; (b) project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462); and (c) project “BioInd—Biotechnology and Bioengineering for improved Industrial and Agro-Food processes”, REF. NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000028 Co-funded by the Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2—O Novo Norte), QREN, FEDER.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio