Molecular Engineered Hole-Extraction Materials to Enable Dopant-Free, Efficient p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells

Two hole-extraction materials (HEMs), TPP-OMeTAD and TPP-SMeTAD, have been developed to facilitate the fabrication of efficient p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). By replacing the oxygen atom on HEM with sulfur (from TPP-OMeTAD to TPP-SMeTAD), it effectively lowers the highest occupied molecular orbital of the molecule and provides stronger Pb-S interaction with perovskites, leading to efficient charge extraction and surface traps passivation. The TPP-SMeTAD-based PVSCs exhibit both improved photovoltaic performance and reduced hysteresis in p-i-n PVSCs over those based on TPP-OMeTAD. This work not only provides new insights on creating perovskite-HEM heterojunction but also helps in designing new HEM to enable efficient organic–inorganic hybrid PVSCs

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Osteoporosis: A Scoping Review

As an insidious metabolic bone disease, osteoporosis plagues the world, with high incidence rates. Patients with osteoporosis are prone to falls and becoming disabled, and their cone fractures and hip fractures are very serious, so the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis is very urgent. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles secreted from cells to the outside of the cell and they are wrapped in a bilayer of phospholipids. According to the size of the particles, they can be divided into three categories, namely exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. The diameter of exosomes is 30–150 nm, the diameter of microvesicles is 100–1000 nm, and the diameter of apoptotic bodies is about 50–5000 nm. EVs play an important role in various biological process and diseases including osteoporosis. In this review, the role of EVs in osteoporosis is systematically reviewed and some insights for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis are provided

Transformation and Migration of Heavy Metals by Aquatic Worms in Wastewater Treatment

L. hoffmeisteri was inoculated <span class="hit">in</span> reactor to investigate the effects on waste sludge and wastewater to reduce excess sludge and reduce the environmental risk <span class="hit">of</span> <span class="hit">heavy</span> <span class="hit">metals</span> <span class="hit">in</span> sludge and effluent <span class="hit">in</span> this study. The result showed a gravimetric sludge reduction <span class="hit">of</span> 53.8% and modification <span class="hit">in</span> the texture <span class="hit">of</span> the sludge. The residual form <span class="hit">of</span> <span class="hit">heavy</span> <span class="hit">metals</span> (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) was increased, which reduced the risk <span class="hit">of</span> the phytoaccumulation. An evident concentration <span class="hit">of</span> <span class="hit">heavy</span> <span class="hit">metals</span> <span class="hit">in</span> <span class="hit">worm</span> faece and a bioaccumulation <span class="hit">of</span> <span class="hit">heavy</span> <span class="hit">metals</span> <span class="hit">in</span> <span class="hit">aquatic</span> <span class="hit">worms</span> were also observed. Activated sludge is reduced significantly, sludge settleability is improved and the bioavailability <span class="hit">of</span> <span class="hit">heavy</span> <span class="hit">metals</span> <span class="hit">in</span> waste sludge is minimized, which are beneficial to wastewater treatment and safe disposal <span class="hit">of</span> waste sludge. &copy; (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland

Dopant-Free Hole-Transporting Material with a <i>C</i>_3<i>h</i> Symmetrical Truxene Core for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Herein we present a new structural design of hole-transporting material, Trux-OMeTAD, which consists of a <i>C</i>_3<i>h</i> Truxene-core with arylamine terminals and hexyl side-chains. This planar, rigid, and fully conjugated molecule exhibits excellent hole mobility and desired surface energy to the perovskite uplayer. Perovskite solar cells fabricated using the p-i-n architecture with Trux-OMeTAD as the p-layer, show a high PCE of 18.6% with minimal hysteresis