Impact of caloric and dietary restriction regimens on markers of health and longevity in humans and animals: a summary of available findings

Considerable interest has been shown in the ability of caloric restriction (CR) to improve multiple parameters of health and to extend lifespan. CR is the reduction of caloric intake - typically by 20 - 40% of ad libitum consumption - while maintaining adequate nutrient intake. Several alternatives to CR exist. CR combined with exercise (CE) consists of both decreased caloric intake and increased caloric expenditure. Alternate-day fasting (ADF) consists of two interchanging days; one day, subjects may consume food ad libitum (sometimes equaling twice the normal intake); on the other day, food is reduced or withheld altogether. Dietary restriction (DR) - restriction of one or more components of intake (typically macronutrients) with minimal to no reduction in total caloric intake - is another alternative to CR. Many religions incorporate one or more forms of food restriction. The following religious fasting periods are featured in this review: 1) Islamic Ramadan; 2) the three principal fasting periods of Greek Orthodox Christianity (Nativity, Lent, and the Assumption); and 3) the Biblical-based Daniel Fast. This review provides a summary of the current state of knowledge related to CR and DR. A specific section is provided that illustrates related work pertaining to religious forms of food restriction. Where available, studies involving both humans and animals are presented. The review includes suggestions for future research pertaining to the topics of discussion

Role of Mutagenicity in Asbestos Fiber-Induced Carcinogenicity and Other Diseases

The cellular and molecular mechanisms of how asbestos fibers induce cancers and other diseases are not well understood. Both serpentine and amphibole asbestos fibers have been shown to induce oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, cellular toxicity and tissue injuries, genetic changes, and epigenetic alterations in target cells in vitro and tissues in vivo. Most of these mechanisms are believe to be shared by both fiber-induced cancers and noncancerous diseases. This article summarizes the findings from existing literature with a focus on genetic changes, specifically, mutagenicity of asbestos fibers. Thus far, experimental evidence suggesting the involvement of mutagenesis in asbestos carcinogenicity is more convincing than asbestos-induced fibrotic diseases. The potential contributions of mutagenicity to asbestos-induced diseases, with an emphasis on carcinogenicity, are reviewed from five aspects: (1) whether there is a mutagenic mode of action (MOA) in fiber-induced carcinogenesis; (2) mutagenicity/carcinogenicity at low dose; (3) biological activities that contribute to mutagenicity and impact of target tissue/cell type; (4) health endpoints with or without mutagenicity as a key event; and finally, (5) determinant factors of toxicity in mutagenicity. At the end of this review, a consensus statement of what is known, what is believed to be factual but requires confirmation, and existing data gaps, as well as future research needs and directions, is provided

Zaawansowane odwzorowanie i ocena percepcji i preferencji konsumentów na rynku samochodowym w oparciu o śledzenie wzroku

The paper explores the place and position of consumer neuroscience in marketing management while it points out its role in understanding consumer behaviour. The current competitive environment is associated with the re-evaluation of traditional methods and processes on the one hand, and the application of new sources of information for the report manager’s decision on all levels, not only in manufacturing companies, service companies as well as commercial companies. The aim of this study was to point out the relatively new ways of marketing research through interdisciplinary field called consumer neuroscience for effective marketing management realization in a car selling enterprise. From the results we were able to analyse feedback about visual attention in buying decisions and so realize effective marketing management in form of proper strategic decisions.Artykuł omawia miejsce i pozycję neuronauki konsumenckiej w zarządzaniu marketingowym, jednocześnie wskazuje na jego rolę w zrozumieniu zachowań konsumentów. Obecne otoczenie konkurencyjne wiąże się z ponowną oceną tradycyjnych metod i procesów z jednej strony oraz z zastosowaniem nowych źródeł informacji dla decyzji kierownika raportu na wszystkich poziomach, nie tylko w przedsiębiorstwach produkcyjnych, usługowych, ale również komercyjnych. Celem tego badania było zwrócenie uwagi na stosunkowo nowe sposoby badań marketingowych poprzez interdyscyplinarną dziedzinę zwaną neuronauką konsumencką w celu skutecznej realizacji zarządzania marketingowego w przedsiębiorstwie sprzedającym samochody. Dzięki uzyskanym wynikom można było poddać analizie opinie na temat uwagi wizualnej przy podejmowaniu decyzji zakupowych, a tym samym realizować skuteczne zarządzanie marketingowe w formie właściwych decyzji strategicznych