Massive stars reveal variations of the stellar initial mass function in the Milky Way stellar clusters

We investigate whether the stellar initial mass function (IMF) is universal, or whether it varies significantly among young stellar clusters in the Milky Way. We propose a method to uncover the range of variation of the parameters that describe the shape of the IMF for the population of young Galactic clusters. These parameters are the slopes in the low and high stellar mass regimes, $\gamma$ and $\Gamma$, respectively, and the characteristic mass, $M_{ch}$. The method relies exclusively on the high mass content of the clusters, but is able to yield information on the distributions of parameters that describe the IMF over the entire stellar mass range. This is achieved by comparing the fractions of single and lonely massive O stars in a recent catalog of the Milky Way clusters with a library of simulated clusters built with various distribution functions of the IMF parameters. The synthetic clusters are corrected for the effects of the binary population, stellar evolution, sample incompleteness, and ejected O stars. Our findings indicate that broad distributions of the IMF parameters are required in order to reproduce the fractions of single and lonely O stars in Galactic clusters. They also do not lend support to the existence of a cluster mass-maximum stellar mass relation. We propose a probabilistic formulation of the IMF whereby the parameters of the IMF are described by Gaussian distribution functions centered around $\gamma=0.91$, $\Gamma=1.37$, and $M_{ch}=0.41$ M$_{\odot}$, and with dispersions of $\sigma_{\gamma}=0.25$, $\sigma_{\Gamma}=0.60$, and $\sigma_{M_{ch}}=0.27$ M$_{\odot}$ around these values.Comment: Accepted to MNRAS, 17 pages, 13 figures. Larger observational sample. Conclusions strengthene

RANCANG BANGUN PROTOTYPE SISTEM MONITORING PERSEDIAAN BAHAN UNTUK PENGENDALIAN STOK PADA PT. JAYA ABADI INDOTEKNIK SEMARANG

Data management projects that result in a lot of errors in the calculation of the value of ongoing projects, the needs of the necessary materials and material expenditures, doubling the data (redundancy data) because often repeated each time recording a procurement process or the preparation of the report either daily / monthly. The absence of good data base management hinder the process of delivering information to the leader and partner. The purpose of this final project is to build a system that is able to improve materials procurement services to partners, may determine material requirements and support management activities. The stages of the development of systems that use the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) with stages of system analysis, system design, system implementation and system maintenance. The results of this system is a system that is capable of handling data collection materials, data collection partner, material procurement transactions, project transactions, transaction expenses and manufacturing materials materials procurement reports

ANALISIS KINERJA KEUANGAN PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN BLORA (STUDI KASUS PADA DINAS PENDAPATAN PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAN ASET DAERAH KABUPATEN BLORA TAHUN

ANALISIS KINERJA KEUANGAN PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN BLORA (STUDI KASUS PADA DINAS PENDAPATAN PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAN ASET DAERAH KABUPATEN BLORA TAHUN 2007 - 2011) Oleh : Hony Adhiantoko 09412144001 ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganilisis Kinerja Keuangan DPPKAD Kabupaten Blora tahun 2007-2011 dilihat dari : (1) Rasio Derajat Desentralisasi Fiskal, (2) Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah, (3) Rasio Efektivitas PAD, (4) Rasio Efisiensi Keuangan Daerah, dan (5) Rasio Keserasian. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Dinas Pendapatan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah (DPPKAD) Kabupaten Blora. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan deskriptif kuantitatif dengan rumus: Rasio Derajat Desentralisasi Fiskal, Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah, Rasio Efektivitas PAD, Rasio Efisiensi Keuangan Daerah, dan Rasio Keserasian Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Kinerja Keuangan DPPKAD Kabupaten Blora dilihat dari (1) Rasio Derajat Desentralisasi Fiskal dapat dikategorikan sangat kurang, karena rata-ratanya sebesar 6,57% (2) Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah pola hubungannya masih tergolong dalam pola hubungan instruktif karena rata-rata besarnya rasio ini sebesar 7,17% (3) Rasio Efektivitas PAD efektivitas kinerja keuangan Kabupaten Blora sudah efektif karena rata-rata efektivitasnya di atas 100% yaitu 108,71%. (4) Rasio Efisiensi Keuangan Daerah dapat dikatakan kurang efisien karena rata-rata efisiensi keuangan daerah Kabupaten Blora sebesar 99,61% (5) Rasio Keserasian diketahui bahwa rata-rata belanja operasi daerah masih sangat tinggi yaitu 84,55% dibandingkan dengan rata-rata belanja modal sebesar 12,99% sehingga dapat dikatakan Pemerintah Daerah masih kurang memperhatikan pembangunan daerah. Kata Kunci: Kinerja Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah, Rasio Derajat Desentralisasi Fiskal, Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah, Rasio Efektivitas PAD, Rasio Efisiensi Keuangan Daerah, dan Rasio Keserasian

Singaporean and Taiwanese pre-service teachers' beliefs and their attitude towards ICT: A comparative study

Teachers' epistemological and pedagogical beliefs and their attitude about ICT are identified as the second-order barrier for the integration of ICT into classrooms. In this paper, we report the findings obtained from our recent survey and conducted among Singaporean and Taiwanese pre-service teachers (N=108). The results indicate that the teachers' epistemological beliefs were generally relativistic. They were also inclined to believe rather strongly the constructivist notion of teaching. The profile we obtained in this study seems to suggest that pre-service teachers from Singapore and Taiwan are holding beliefs that are congruent to the education reform efforts. However, the teachers' attitude about ICT use does not seem to relate to their epistemological and pedagogical beliefs. The findings suggest that further effort needs to be taken in order to foster more productive use of ICT to support constructivism-oriented teaching. These results need to be verified with further study

Mid-Infrared Imaging and Modelling of the Dust Shell around Post-AGB star HD 187885 (IRAS 19500-1709)

We present 10 and 20 micron images of IRAS 19500-1709 taken with the mid-infrared camera, OSCIR, mounted on the Gemini North Telescope. We use a 2-D dust radiation transport code to fit the spectral energy distribution from UV to sub-mm wavelengths and to simulate the images.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures. To appear in "Asymmetric Planetary Nebulae III", eds. M.Meixner, J.Kastner, N.Soker & B.Balick. 2004, ASP Conference Serie

The inner wind of IRC+10216 revisited: New exotic chemistry and diagnostic for dust condensation in carbon stars

Aims. We model the chemistry of the inner wind of the carbon star IRC+10216 and consider the effect of periodic shocks induced by the stellar pulsation on the gas to follow the non-equilibrium chemistry in the shocked gas layers. We consider a very complete set of chemical families, including hydrocarbons and aromatics, hydrides, halogens and phosphorous-bearing species. Derived abundances are compared to the latest observational data from large surveys and Herschel. Results. The shocks induce a non-equilibrium chemistry in the dust formation zone of IRC+10216 where the collision destruction of CO in the post-shock gas triggers the formation of O-bearing species (H2O, SiO). Most of the modelled abundances agree very well with the latest values derived from Herschel data on IRC+10216. Hydrides form a family of abundant species that are expelled into the intermediate envelope. In particular, HF traps all the atomic fluorine in the dust formation zone. Halogens are also abundant and their chemistry is independent of the C/O ratio of the star. Therefore, HCl and other Cl-bearing species should also be present in the inner wind of O-rich AGB or supergiant stars. We identify a specific region ranging from 2.5 R* to 4 R*, where polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons form and grow. The estimated carbon dust-to-gas mass ratio derived from the mass of aromatics ranges from 1.2 x 10^(-3) to 5.8 x 10^{-3} and agrees well with existing observational values. The aromatic formation region is located outside hot layers where SiC2 is produced as a bi-product of silicon carbide dust synthesis. Finally, we predict that some molecular lines will show flux variation with pulsation phase and time (e.g., H2O) while other species will not (e.g., CO). These variations merely reflect the non-equilibrium chemistry that destroys and reforms molecules over a pulsation period in the shocked gas of the dust formation zone.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Probing the Dust Properties of Galaxies up to Submillimetre Wavelengths I. The Spectral Energy Distribution of dwarf galaxies using LABOCA

We present 870 micron images of four low metallicity galaxies (NGC1705, Haro11, Mrk1089 and UM311) observed with the Large APEX BOlometer CAmera (LABOCA). We model their spectral energy distributions combining the submm observations of LABOCA, 2MASS, IRAS, Spitzer photometric data and the IRS data for Haro11. We find that a significant mass of dust is revealed when using submm constraints compared to that measured with only mid-IR to far-IR observations extending only to 160 microns. For NGC1705 and Haro11, an excess in submillimeter wavelengths is detected and we rerun our SED procedure adding a cold dust component (10K) to better describe the high 870 micron flux derived from LABOCA observations, which significantly improves the fit. We find that at least 70% of the dust mass of these two galaxies can reside in a cold dust component. We also show that the subsequent dust-to-gas mass ratios, considering HI and CO observations, can be strikingly high for Haro11 in comparison with what is usually expected for these low-metallicity environments. Furthermore, we derive the SFR of our galaxies and compare them to the Schmidt law. Haro11 falls anomalously far from the Schmidt relation. These results may suggest that a reservoir of hidden gas could be present in molecular form not traced by the current CO observations. We also derive the total IR luminosities derived from our models and compare them with relations that derive this luminosity from Spitzer bands. We find that the Draine & Li (2007) formula compares well to our direct IR determinations.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures, 10 tables, accepted for publication in A&

C/O Abundance Ratios and Dust Features in Galactic Planetary Nebulae

The iron depletion factors found in Galactic planetary nebulae (PNe) span over two orders of magnitude, suggesting that there are differences in the grain formation and destruction processes from object to object. We explore here the relation between the iron depletions, the infrared dust features, and the C/O abundance ratios in a sample of Galactic PNe. We find that those objects with C/O < 1 show a trend of increasing depletions for higher values of C/O, whereas PNe with C/O > 1 break the trend and cover all the range of depletions. Most of the PNe with C/O < 1 show silicate features, but several PNe with C-rich features have C/O < 1, probably reflecting the uncertainties associated with the derivation of C/O. PAHs are distributed over the entire range of iron depletions and C/O values.Comment: 2 pages, 1 figure, to appear in the conference proceedings of "Planetary Nebulae: An Eye to the Future" IAU Symp. 283, A. Manchado, L. Stanghellini & D. Schoenberner, ed