Climatic variables and ecological modelling data for birds, amphibians and reptiles in the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve of Meseta Ibérica (Portugal-Spain)

Background: Climate change has been widely accepted as one of the major threats for global biodiversity and understanding its potential effects on species distribution is crucial to optimise conservation planning in future scenarios under global change. Integrating detailed climatic data across spatial and temporal scales into species distribution modelling can help to predict potential changes in biodiversity. Consequently, this type of data can be useful for developing efficient biodiversity management and conservation planning. The provision of such data becomes even more important in highly biodiverse regions, currently suffering from climatic and landscape changes. The Transboundary Biosphere Reserve of Meseta Ibérica (BRMI; Portugal-Spain) is one of the most relevant reserves for wildlife in Europe. This highly diverse region is of great ecological and socio-economical interest, suffering from synergistic processes of rural land abandonment and climatic instabilities that currently threaten local biodiversity. Aiming to optimise conservation planning in the Reserve, we provide a complete dataset of historical and future climate models (1 x 1 km) for the BRMI, used to build a series of distribution models for 207 vertebrate species. These models are projected for 2050 under two climate change scenarios. The climatic suitability of 52% and 57% of the species are predicted to decrease under the intermediate and extreme climatic scenarios, respectively. These models constitute framework data for improving local conservation planning in the Reserve, which should be further supported by implementing climate and land-use change factors to increase the accuracy of future predictions of species distributions in the study areaThis research was supported by Portuguese national funds through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under the FirESmart project (PCIF/MOG/0083/2017) and by project INMODES (CGL2017-89999-C2-2-R), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. AR was supported by the Xunta de Galicia (ED481B2016/084-0) and the IACOBUS programme (INTERREG V-A España–Portugal, POCTEP 2014-2020). This work was also supported by National Funds by FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UIDB/04033/2020S

Back to the future: rethinking socioecological systems underlying high nature value farmlands

Additional, web-only material may be found in the online version of this article at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/fee.2116/suppinfoFarmlands are currently among the dominant uses of the land. When managed under low-input farming systems, farmlands are associated with diverse cultural and natural heritages around the world. Known in Europe as high nature value (HNV) farmlands, these agricultural landscapes and their associated farming systems evolved as tightly coupled socioecological systems, and are essential to biodiversity conservation and the delivery of ecosystem services to society. However, HNV farmlands are vulnerable to socioeconomic changes that lead to either agricultural intensification or land abandonment. We present a range of plausible future scenarios for HNV farmlands, and discuss the related management options and expected socioecological outcomes for each scenario. We then provide recommendations for policy, practice, and research on how to best ensure the socioecological viability of HNV farming systems in the futureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Climate- and fire-smart landscape scenarios call for redesigning protection regimes to achieve multiple management goals

Integrated management of biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) in heterogeneous landscapes requires considering the potential trade-offs between conflicting objectives. The UNESCO's Biosphere Reserve zoning scheme is a suitable context to address these trade-offs by considering multiple management zones that aim to minimise conflicts between management objectives. Moreover, in Mediterranean ecosystems, management and planning also needs to consider drivers of landscape dynamics such as wildfires and traditional farming and forestry practices that have historically shaped landscapes and the biodiversity they host. In this study, we applied a conservation planning approach to prioritise the allocation of management zones under future landscape and climate scenarios. We tested different landscape management scenarios reflecting the outcomes of climate-smart and fire-smart policies. We projected the expected landscape dynamics and associated changes on the distribution of 207 vertebrate species, 4 ES and fire hazard under each scenario. We used Marxan with Zones to allocate three management zones, replicating the Biosphere Reserves zoning scheme (“Core area”, “Buffer zone” and “Transition area”) to address the various management objectives within the Biosphere Reserve. Our results show that to promote ES supply and biodiversity conservation, while also minimising fire hazard, the reserve will need to: i) Redefine its zoning, especially regarding Core Areas, which need a considerable expansion to help mitigate changes in biodiversity and accommodate ES supply under expected changes in climate and species distribution. ii) Revisit current management policies that will result in encroached landscapes prone to high intensity, uncontrollable wildfires with the potential to heavily damage ecosystems and compromise the supply of ES. Our results support that both climate- and fire-smart policies in the Meseta Ibérica can help develop multifunctional landscapes that help mitigate and adapt to climate change and ensure the best possible maintenance of biodiversity and ES supply under uncertain future climate conditions.This study was supported by national funds - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the “FirESmart” project (PCIF/MOG/0083/2017), and the project UIDB/04033/2020. CCS is supported by the “Financiamento Programático” UIDP/04050/2020 funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. VH was funded by the Junta de Andalucía through an Emergia contract (EMERGIA20_00135). AR is supported by ‘Juan de la Cierva’ fellowship program funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (IJC2019-041033-I). ÂS received support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through Ph.D. Grant SFRH/BD/132838/2017, funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, and by the European Social Fund - Operational Program Human Capital within the 2014–2020 EU Strategic Framework.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Climate- and fire-smart landscape scenarios call for redesigning protection regimes to achieve multiple management goals

Integrated management of biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) in heterogeneous landscapes requires considering the potential trade-offs between conflicting objectives. The UNESCO's Biosphere Reserve zoning scheme is a suitable context to address these trade-offs by considering multiple management zones that aim to minimise conflicts between management objectives. Moreover, in Mediterranean ecosystems, management and planning also needs to consider drivers of landscape dynamics such as wildfires and traditional farming and forestry practices that have historically shaped landscapes and the biodiversity they host. In this study, we applied a conservation planning approach to prioritise the allocation of management zones under future landscape and climate scenarios. We tested different landscape management scenarios reflecting the outcomes of climate-smart and fire-smart policies. We projected the expected landscape dynamics and associated changes on the distribution of 207 vertebrate species, 4 ES and fire hazard under each scenario. We used Marxan with Zones to allocate three management zones, replicating the Biosphere Reserves zoning scheme (“Core area”, “Buffer zone” and “Transition area”) to address the various management objectives within the Biosphere Reserve. Our results show that to promote ES supply and biodiversity conservation, while also minimising fire hazard, the reserve will need to: i) Redefine its zoning, especially regarding Core Areas, which need a considerable expansion to help mitigate changes in biodiversity and accommodate ES supply under expected changes in climate and species distribution. ii) Revisit current management policies that will result in encroached landscapes prone to high intensity, uncontrollable wildfires with the potential to heavily damage ecosystems and compromise the supply of ES. Our results support that both climate- and fire-smart policies in the Meseta Ibérica can help develop multifunctional landscapes that help mitigate and adapt to climate change and ensure the best possible maintenance of biodiversity and ES supply under uncertain future climate conditions.This study was supported by national funds - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the “FirESmart” project (PCIF/MOG/ 0083/2017), and the project UIDB/04033/2020. CCS is supported by the “Financiamento Programatico” UIDP/04050/2020 funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. VH was funded by the Junta de Andalucía through an Emergia contract (EMERGIA20_00135). AR is supported by ‘Juan de la Cierva’ fellowship program funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (IJC2019-041033-I). AS ˆ received support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through Ph.D. Grant SFRH/BD/132838/2017, funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, and by the European Social Fund - Operational Program Human Capital within the 2014–2020 EU Strategic Framework. We thank ZASNET European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation for providing us with data on the zonation of the RBTMI

From Archived Historical Aerial Imagery to Informative Orthophotos: A Framework for Retrieving the Past in Long-Term Socioecological Research

Aerial photographs have been systematically collected from as early as the 1930s, providing a unique resource to describe changes in vegetation and land cover over extended periods of time. However, their use is often limited by technical constraints, such as the lack of ground control information and precise camera parameters, which hamper an accurate orthorectification of the raw imagery. Here, we describe the historical aerial photographs orthorectification (HAPO) workflow, based on a conventional photogrammetric procedure (the direct linear transformation (DLT) Method), integrated as a geographic information systems (GIS) procedure, in order to perform the image orientation and orthorectification, thereby converting historical aerial imagery into high-definition historical orthoimages. HAPO implementation is illustrated with an application to a rugged landscape in Portugal, where we aimed to produce land-cover maps using an aerial photograph coverage from 1947, as part of a study on long-term socioecological dynamics. We show that HAPO produces highly accurate orthoimages and discuss the wider usefulness of our framework in long-term socioecological research

Climatic variables and ecological modelling data for birds, amphibians and reptiles in the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve of Meseta Ibérica (Portugal-Spain)

Climate change has been widely accepted as one of the major threats for global biodiversity, and understanding its potential effects on biodiversity distribution is crucial to optimise conservation planning in future scenarios under global change. Providing detailed climatic data at both spatial and temporal scales and integrating this information in species distribution models could contribute to predicting potential changes in biodiversity distribution, and consequently, to develop efficient management and biodiversity conservation planning. The provision of such data becomes even more important in regions with high levels of biodiversity, currently suffering from climatic and landscape changes. The Transboundary Biosphere Reserve of Meseta Ibérica (Portugal-Spain), one of the most relevant reserves for wildlife in Europe, is a perfect example of a highly diverse region from both an ecological and socio-economical point of view, suffering from synergistic processes of rural land abandonment and climatic instabilities that currently threat local biodiversity. As such, providing detailed current and future climatic data and framework information about the potential effects of climate change on local biodiversity becomes urgently needed to optimise local conservation planning.Herein, we provide a complete dataset of state-of-the-art historical and future climate model simulations, generated by global-regional climate model chains, with climatic variables resolved at a high spatial resolution (1×1 km) over the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve of Meseta Ibérica. Additionally, a complete series of distribution models for 207 species (168 birds, 24 reptiles and 15 amphibians) under future (2050) climate change scenarios is delivered, which constitute framework data for improving local conservation planning in the reserve

As florestas no Norte de Portugal: Situação no presente

Os serviços de ecosistema florestal estão incluídos num grupo mais vasto definidos como serviços de ecossistema (SE) pelo Millenium Ecosystem Assessement (MA 2003). Os serviços do ecossistema florestal são: os benefícios que sociedade em geral, obtêm da floresta e incluem serviços de produção, regulação, suporte e culturais. Este capítulo analisa a condição e as tendências recentes de um conjunto de serviços dos ecossistemas florestais no Norte de Portugal no período 1974-2010 e consistiu num esforço interdisciplinar para os descrever e, na medida do possível, não só quantificar mas também mapear a sua distribuição espacial. Na análise dos serviços de produção observou-se, em geral, um alto nível de produtividade das florestas da região Norte, principalmente nas regiões PROF do Alto e Baixo Minho e também no Tâmega. No entanto, a análise do integral anual de NDVI no período 2001- 2010 revelou uma tendência significativa de diminuição da produtividade numa percentagem de píxeis relativos a áreas florestais, com particular incidência em áreas cuja função principal é a produção. Em relação à produção de biomassa, foi estimado que o valor potencial de produção só para as duas principais espécies florestais na região (pinheiro e eucalipto) pode representar cerca de 7,3% do consumo de energia eléctrica na região NUTS II Norte (dados relativos a 2009). A análise da condição dos serviços de regulação realizouse para a regulação e purificação da água, para a mitigação dos riscos naturais e também para o sequestro de carbono. Foi salientada a heterogeneidade da capacidade de provisão dos serviços de regulação e purificação da água nas regiões do Minho e Trás-os-Montes, bem como o importante papel das florestas regionais na fixação de carbono. Em relação à mitigação de riscos naturais (ex. erosão do solo), a condição foi descrita como preocupante já que muitas das áreas de aptidão florestal estão localizadas em áreas de elevado potencial de erosão. Nos serviços de suporte foi analisada a condição da biodiversidade em áreas florestais realçando o papel das florestas autóctones de carvalhos na provisão deste serviço ainda que na região Norte a área destas florestas se mantenha inferior à área ocupada por florestas plantadas sendo também a sua distribuição dispersa e fragmentada. No que respeita aos serviços culturais, ainda que demosntrada a elevada “capacidade” da paisagem no Norte para satisfazer diferentes procuras sociais foi também realçado que diferentes tipos de floresta “podem satisfazer de modo diferente públicos distintos”. Mais preocupante ainda é a possibilidade de que as preferências imediatas da sociedade em relação a um tipo de serviço (ex. recreio) poderem pôr em causa a provisão de outros serviços (ex. protecção do solo). Finalmente, o capítulo explora tendências recentes de acordo com três cenários possíveis

Condição e tendências recentes dos serviços de ecossistema florestal no Norte de Portugal

Os serviços de ecossistema florestal estão incluídos num grupo mais vasto, definido como serviços de ecossistema (SE) pelo Millenium Ecosystem Assessement. Os serviços do ecossistema florestal são os benefícios que a sociedade em geral obtém da floresta e incluem serviços de produção, regulação, suporte e culturais. Este capítulo analisa a condição e as tendências recentes de um conjunto de serviços dos ecossistemas florestais no Norte de Portugal no período 1974-2010 e consistiu num esforço interdisciplinar para os descrever e, na medida do possível, não só quantificar mas também mapear a sua distribuição espacial. Na análise dos serviços de produção observou-se, em geral, um alto nível de produtividade das florestas da região Norte, principalmente nas regiões PROF do Alto e Baixo Minho e também no Tâmega. No entanto, a análise do integral anual de NDVI no período 2001- 2010 revelou uma tendência significativa de diminuição da produtividade numa percentagem de píxeis relativos a áreas florestais, com particular incidência em áreas cuja função principal é a produção. Em relação à produção de biomassa, foi estimado que o valor potencial de produção anual só para as duas principais espécies florestais na região (pinheiro e eucalipto) pode representar cerca de 7,3% do consumo de energia eléctrica na região NUTS II Norte (dados relativos a 2009). A análise da condição dos serviços de regulação realizou-se para a regulação e purificação da água, para a mitigação dos riscos naturais e também para o sequestro de carbono. Foi salientada a heterogeneidade da capacidade de provisão dos serviços de regulação e purificação da água nas regiões do Minho e Trás-os-Montes, bem como o importante papel das florestas regionais na fixação de carbono. Em relação à mitigação de riscos naturais (ex. erosão do solo), a condição foi descrita como preocupante já que muitas das áreas de aptidão florestal estão localizadas em áreas de elevado potencial de erosão. Nos serviços de suporte foi analisada a condição da biodiversidade em áreas florestais realçando o papel das florestas autóctones de carvalhos na provisão deste serviço ainda que na região Norte a área destas florestas se mantenha inferior à área ocupada por florestas plantadas sendo também a sua distribuição dispersa e fragmentada. No que respeita aos serviços culturais, ainda que demonstrada a elevada “capacidade” da paisagem no Norte para satisfazer diferentes procuras sociais foi também realçado que diferentes tipos de floresta “podem satisfazer de modo diferente públicos distintos”. Mais preocupante ainda é a possibilidade de que as preferências imediatas da sociedade em relação a um tipo de serviço (ex. recreio)poderem pôr em causa a provisão de outros serviços (ex. protecção do solo). Finalmente, o capítulo explora tendências recentes de acordo com três cenários possíveis: um cenário de continuidade, um outro relacionado com o abandono rural e de regeneração da floresta nativa, e um terceiro em torno da intensificação da gestão para fins de produção.Ecosystem services from forests are included in a larger set of services provided by the environment defined as the benefits people obtain from ecosystems by the Millenium Ecosystem Assessement. This chapter analysis both the condition and recent trends of change for a set of ecosystem services in Northern Portugal in the period 1974-2010. This work is a multidisciplinary effort to describe, and when possible, to quantify and map the spatial distribution of forest ecosystem services across the Northern region of Portugal. The analysis of production services show that there is, in general, a high productivity level which peaks in both Alto and Baixo Minho as well as Tâmega regions. Nevertheless, despite having high levels of productivity the analysis of the NDVI index for the period 2001-2010 showed a significant trend for decreasing productivity specialy in the areas allocated to production functions. As far as production of biomass is concerned, there is too a high productivity level and it has been estimated that only the two major tree species (pine and eucalyptus) in the region are able to supply annually 7.3% of the electric energy needs in the Northern region (data for 2009). The analysis of the condition of regulation services was undertaken to water regulation and purification, soil erosion as well as carbon sequestration. It was highlighted the heterougeneous capacity of provisioning water regulation and purification services across the Minho and Trás-os-Montes regions as well as the important role of forests in cabon sequestration. Concerning soil erosion there are serious concerns that forests in the region are not able to supply this service in the proportion it is required as some forests are located in prone to erosion areas. As far as the support system is concerned the condition of biodiversity in forest areas has been assessed and the role of the native oak trees higligthed despite the fact that the majority of the forests in the North were planted and its distribution disperse and fragmented. For the cultural ecosystem services it was shown that the diverse forest landscape settings in the north are likely able to fulfill multiple social demands, however, different forest types may suit differentially public and user groups. Consequentely, another issue raised was that the preferences by people for a certain amenity activity (e.g. recreation) may compromise other ecosystem services (e.g. prevent soil erosion). Finaly, the last section of the chapter explores three possible trends of change framed, in a very simplistic way, as scenarios: one of them focuses on continuity, the second one explores the possible future in which abandonment and enchorachment of oak native forests occurs. A third one focusses on management intensification enhacing forestry productive functions

Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Management at Bedside: A Single-Center Pilot Study

Guidelines recommend cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) values of 50-70 mmHg and intracranial pressure lower than 20 mmHg for the management of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, adequate individual targets are still poorly addressed, since patients have different perfusion thresholds. Bedside assessment of cerebral autoregulation may help to optimize individual CPP-guided treatment. To assess staff compliance and outcome impact of a new method of autoregulation-guided treatment (CPPopt) based on continuous evaluation of cerebrovascular reactivity (PRx). Prospective pilot study of severe TBI adult patients managed with continuous multimodal brain monitoring in a single Neurocritical Care Unit (NCCU). Every minute CPPopt was automatically estimated, based on the previous 4-h window, as the CPP with the lowest PRx indicating the best cerebrovascular pressure reactivity. Patients were managed with CPPopt targets whenever possible and otherwise CPP was managed following general/international guidelines. In addition, other offline CPPopt estimates were calculated using cerebral oximetry (COx-CPPopt), brain tissue oxygenation (ORxs-CPPopt), and cerebral blood flow (CBFx-CPPopt). Eighteen patients with a total multimodal brain monitoring time of 5,520 h were enrolled. During the total monitoring period, 11 patients (61 %) had a CPPopt U-shaped curve, 5 patients (28 %) had either ascending or descending curves, and only 2 patients (11 %) had no fitted curve. Real CPP correlated significantly with calculated CPPopt (r = 0.83, p 10 mm Hg) between real CPP and CPPopt more likely have had adverse outcome (p = 0.04). Comparison between CPPopt and the other estimates revealed similar limits of precision. The lowest bias (-0.1 mmHg) was obtained with COx-CPPopt (NIRS). Targeted individual CPP management at the bedside using cerebrovascular pressure reactivity seems feasible. Large deviation from CPPopt seems to be associated with adverse outcome. The COx-CPPopt methodology using non-invasive CO (NIRS) warrants further evaluation