Synthesis of Butyl 1-p-Menthene-3-A.zido-4-Hydroxy-7-Carboxylate, the Synthetic Intermediate of Statine Analogue

Protease inhibitor, pepstatin is a pentapeptide which involves two unusual amino acid, statine (3S-hydroxy-4S-amino-6-methylheptanoic acid (I)). Pepstatin is known to inhibit renin in the hypertensive renin-angiotensin system and shown to suppress blood pressure strongly. The present paper deals with the simple and convenient synthesis of butyl 1-p-menthen-3-azido-4-hydroxy-7-carboxy late (III) in which III is one of the important intermediate leading to the isosteric isomer of statin, namely, p-menthan-3-amino-2-hydroxy-7-carboxylic acid (II). Further, the acid-catalysed isomerization is also discussed.Article信州大学農学部紀要 24(2): 141-146(1988)departmental bulletin pape

Leukemia autopsies in Japan

For the purpose to know whether the annual increase of leukemia incidence in Japan is due to some leukemogenic factors or due to the increased detection rate, the authors made some statistical survey of autopsy cases in which the diagnosis is reliable and not any type of leukemias escape the detection. The results showed that acute leukemias, which are found mostly in younger age, is actually increasing. In addition, it has been deduced that among the suspected factors the increase in ionizing radiation will be one of the most probable factors for the increase in leukemia incidence</p

Vascular Leiomyoma of the Nasal Cavity: Case Report and Review of the Literature

We reported a rare case of nasal vascular leiomyoma that developed in a 67-year-old man. The tumor showed characteristic histological findings with proliferation of smooth muscle cells intermingled with dilated venous vessels. Review of the literature indicated that nasal vascular leiomyoma is characterized by female predominance, occurrence in aged patients and nasal obstruction or pain as the primary symptom

Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing Oleh Perseroan Terbatas Penanam Modal Asing Yang Berinvestasi Di Indonesia

A number of foreign workers who are currently working in Indonesia is not in accordance with the legislation that exists. The foreign workers doing menial jobs and do not have immigration documents are complete. They are working on a number of foreign investors in a number of business sectors, especially in construction and infrastructure. The type of research that is done is the normative legal research i.e. Research which focuses on positive form of legal norms and regulations. Types of data used include primary law, secondary legal materials and legal materials tertiary. The use of foreign labor by a limited liability foreign investors who invest in Indonesia must comply with the legislation that exists. The foreign workers are only allowed to occupy positions as commissioners, directors, and experts who are accompanied by a complete immigration administrative documents

High energy electron observation by Polar Patrol Balloon flight in Antarctica

We accomplished a balloon observation of the high-energy cosmic-ray electrons in 10-1000GeV to reveal the origin and the acceleration mechanism. The observation was carried out for 13 days at an average altitude of 35km by the Polar Patrol Balloon (PPB) around Antarctica in January 2004. The detector is an imaging calorimeter composed of scintillating-fiber belts and plastic scintillation counters sandwiched between lead plates. The geometrical factor is about 600cm^2sr, and the total thickness of lead absorber is 9 radiation lengths. The performance of the detector has been confirmed by a test flight at the Sanriku Balloon Center and by an accelerator beam test using the CERN-SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN). The new telemetry system using the Iridium satellite, the power system supplied by solar panels and the automatic flight level control operated successfully during the flight. We collected 5.7×10^3 events over 100GeV, and selected the electron candidates by a preliminary data analysis of the shower images. We report here an outline of both detector and observation, and the first result of the electron energy spectrum over 100GeV obtained by an electronic counter

Cyclic phosphatidic acid inhibits the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor from diabetic human coronary artery endothelial cells through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by building up plaques formation and leads to a potentially serious condition in which arteries are clogged by fatty substances such as cholesterol. Increasing evidence suggests that atherosclerosis is accelerated in type 2 diabetes. Recent study reported that high level of alkyl glycerophosphate (AGP) was accumulated in atherosclerotic lesions. The presence of this phospholipid in mildly oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is likely to be involved in atherogenesis. It has been reported that the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma plays a key role in developing atherosclerosis. Our previous result indicates that cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA), one of bioactive lipids, potently suppresses neointima formation by inhibiting the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). However, the detailed mechanism is still unclear. In this study, to elucidate the mechanism of the cPA-PPARγ axis in the coronary artery endothelium, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes, we investigated the proliferation, migration, and secretion of VEGF in human coronary artery endothelial cells from diabetes patients (D-HCAECs). AGP induced cell growth and migration; however, cPA suppressed the AGP-elicited growth and migration in D-HCAECs. Moreover, AGP increased VEGF secretion from D-HCAECs, and this event was attenuated by cPA. Taken together, these results suggest that cPA suppresses VEGF-stimulated growth and migration in D-HCAECs. These findings could be important for regulatory roles of PPARγ and VEGF in the vascular processes associated with diabetes and atherosclerosis

Brain Cortical Mapping by Simultaneous Recording of Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Electroencephalograms from the Whole Brain During Right Median Nerve Stimulation

To investigate relationships between hemodynamic responses and neural activities in the somatosensory cortices, hemodynamic responses by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded simultaneously while subjects received electrical stimulation in the right median nerve. The statistical significance of the hemodynamic responses was evaluated by a general linear model (GLM) with the boxcar design matrix convoluted with Gaussian function. The resulting NIRS and EEGs data were stereotaxically superimposed on the reconstructed brain of each subject. The NIRS data indicated that changes in oxy-hemoglobin concentration increased at the contralateral primary somatosensory (SI) area; responses then spread to the more posterior and ipsilateral somatosensory areas. The EEG data indicated that positive somatosensory evoked potentials peaking at 22 ms latency (P22) were recorded from the contralateral SI area. Comparison of these two sets of data indicated that the distance between the dipoles of P22 and NIRS channels with maximum hemodynamic responses was less than 10 mm, and that the two topographical maps of hemodynamic responses and current source density of P22 were significantly correlated. Furthermore, when onset of the boxcar function was delayed 5–15 s (onset delay), hemodynamic responses in the bilateral parietal association cortices posterior to the SI were more strongly correlated to electrical stimulation. This suggests that GLM analysis with onset delay could reveal the temporal ordering of neural activation in the hierarchical somatosensory pathway, consistent with the neurophysiological data. The present results suggest that simultaneous NIRS and EEG recording is useful for correlating hemodynamic responses to neural activity

Mating Scheme for Controlling the Diversity-Convergence Balance for Multiobjective Optimization

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to clearly demonstrate the potential ability of a similarity-based mating scheme to dynamically control the balance between the diversity of solutions and the convergence to the Pareto front in evolutionary multiobjective optimization. The similarity-based mating scheme chooses two parents in the following manner. For choosing one parent (say Parent A), first a pre-specified number of candidates (say α candidates) are selected by iterating the standard fitness-based binary tournament selection. Then the average solution of those candidates is calculated in the objective space. The most similar or dissimilar candidate to the average solution is chosen as Parent A. When we want to increase the diversity of solutions, the selection probability of Parent A is biased toward extreme solutions by choosing the most dissimilar candidate. The strength of this diversity-preserving effort is adjusted by the parameter α. We can also bias the selection probability toward center solutions by choosing the most similar candidate when we want to decrease the diversity. The selection probability of the other parent (i.e., the mate of Paren