The collision of pure plane gravitational and electromagnetic shock waves

Thesis (M.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Mathematical Physics, 198

Automatic laser shutdown implications for all optical data networks

Generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS), optical packet, and burst-switched networks in which the synchronous digital hierarchy/synchronous optical network (SDH/SONET) layer is removed may be rendered nonfunctional because the current standard for triggering Automatic Power Reduction (APR) cannot distinguish between a fiber that has been de-energized and a fiber failure. If this standard is applied, without modification, the likelihood of unnecessary amplifier shutdown in optical networks is significant. These shutdown events may impact large regions of the network and render optical links inoperable. To avoid unnecessary amplifier shutdown, amendments to the current operation of APR are suggested

Monitoring of chicken meat freshness by means of a colorimetric sensor array

A new optoelectronic nose to monitor chicken meat ageing has been developed. It is based on 16 pigments prepared by the incorporation of different dyes (pH indicators, Lewis acids, hydrogenbonding derivatives, selective probes and natural dyes) into inorganic materials (UVM-7, silica and alumina). The colour changes of the sensor array were characteristic of chicken ageing in a modi¿ed packaging atmosphere (30% CO2¿70% N2). The chromogenic array data were processed with qualitative (PCA) and quantitative (PLS) tools. The PCA statistical analysis showed a high degree of dispersion, with nine dimensions required to explain 95% of variance. Despite this high dimensionality, a tridimensional representation of the three principal components was able to differentiate ageing with 2-day intervals. Moreover, the PLS statistical analysis allows the creation of a model to correlate the chromogenic data with chicken meat ageing. The model offers a PLS prediction model for ageing with values of 0.9937, 0.0389 and 0.994 for the slope, the intercept and the regression coef¿cient, respectively, and is in agreement with the perfect ¿t between the predicted and measured values observed. The results suggest the feasibility of this system to help develop optoelectronic noses that monitor food freshness.Salinas Soler, Y.; Ros-Lis, JV.; Vivancos, J.; Martínez Mañez, R.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Aucejo Romero, S.; Herranz, N.... (2012). Monitoring of chicken meat freshness by means of a colorimetric sensor array. Analyst. 137(16):3635-3643. doi:10.1039/C2AN35211GS3635364313716Anang, D. M., Rusul, G., Ling, F. H., & Bhat, R. (2010). Inhibitory effects of lactic acid and lauricidin on spoilage organisms of chicken breast during storage at chilled temperature. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 144(1), 152-159. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.014HINTON, A., & INGRAM, K. D. (2005). Microbicidal Activity of Tripotassium Phosphate and Fatty Acids toward Spoilage and Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Poultry. Journal of Food Protection, 68(7), 1462-1466. doi:10.4315/0362-028x-68.7.1462Jeremiah, L. . (2001). Packaging alternatives to deliver fresh meats using short- or long-term distribution. Food Research International, 34(9), 749-772. doi:10.1016/s0963-9969(01)00096-5Ellis, D. I., & Goodacre, R. (2001). Rapid and quantitative detection of the microbial spoilage of muscle foods: current status and future trends. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 12(11), 414-424. doi:10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00019-5Vinci, G., & Antonelli, M. . (2002). Biogenic amines: quality index of freshness in red and white meat. Food Control, 13(8), 519-524. doi:10.1016/s0956-7135(02)00031-2Lovestead, T. M., & Bruno, T. J. (2010). Detection of poultry spoilage markers from headspace analysis with cryoadsorption on a short alumina PLOT column. Food Chemistry, 121(4), 1274-1282. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.044Bota, G. M., & Harrington, P. B. (2006). Direct detection of trimethylamine in meat food products using ion mobility spectrometry. Talanta, 68(3), 629-635. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.05.001Grau, R., Sánchez, A. J., Girón, J., Iborra, E., Fuentes, A., & Barat, J. M. (2011). Nondestructive assessment of freshness in packaged sliced chicken breasts using SW-NIR spectroscopy. Food Research International, 44(1), 331-337. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.10.011Sahar, A., Boubellouta, T., & Dufour, É. (2011). Synchronous front-face fluorescence spectroscopy as a promising tool for the rapid determination of spoilage bacteria on chicken breast fillet. Food Research International, 44(1), 471-480. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.09.006Lin, M., Al-Holy, M., Mousavi-Hesary, M., Al-Qadiri, H., Cavinato, A. G., & Rasco, B. A. (2004). Rapid and quantitative detection of the microbial spoilage in chicken meat by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (600-1100 nm). Letters in Applied Microbiology, 39(2), 148-155. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2004.01546.xMartínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2003). Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Chemosensors and Reagents for Anions. Chemical Reviews, 103(11), 4419-4476. doi:10.1021/cr010421eAmendola, V., Fabbrizzi, L., & Mosca, L. (2010). Anion recognition by hydrogen bonding: urea-based receptors. Chemical Society Reviews, 39(10), 3889. doi:10.1039/b822552bQuang, D. T., & Kim, J. S. (2010). Fluoro- and Chromogenic Chemodosimeters for Heavy Metal Ion Detection in Solution and Biospecimens. Chemical Reviews, 110(10), 6280-6301. doi:10.1021/cr100154pAmendola, V., Bonizzoni, M., Esteban-Gómez, D., Fabbrizzi, L., Licchelli, M., Sancenón, F., & Taglietti, A. (2006). Some guidelines for the design of anion receptors. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 250(11-12), 1451-1470. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.01.006Chen, X., Zhou, Y., Peng, X., & Yoon, J. (2010). Fluorescent and colorimetric probes for detection of thiols. Chemical Society Reviews, 39(6), 2120. doi:10.1039/b925092aMohr, G. J. (2006). New chromogenic and fluorogenic reagents and sensors for neutral and ionic analytes based on covalent bond formation–a review of recent developments. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 386(5), 1201-1214. doi:10.1007/s00216-006-0647-3Kerry, J. P., O’Grady, M. N., & Hogan, S. A. (2006). Past, current and potential utilisation of active and intelligent packaging systems for meat and muscle-based products: A review. Meat Science, 74(1), 113-130. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.04.024Rakow, N. A., & Suslick, K. S. (2000). A colorimetric sensor array for odour visualization. Nature, 406(6797), 710-713. doi:10.1038/35021028Lim, S. H., Kemling, J. W., Feng, L., & Suslick, K. S. (2009). A colorimetric sensor array of porous pigments. The Analyst, 134(12), 2453. doi:10.1039/b916571aPalacios, M. A., Nishiyabu, R., Marquez, M., & Anzenbacher, P. (2007). Supramolecular Chemistry Approach to the Design of a High-Resolution Sensor Array for Multianion Detection in Water. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(24), 7538-7544. doi:10.1021/ja0704784Wu, Y., Na, N., Zhang, S., Wang, X., Liu, D., & Zhang, X. (2009). Discrimination and Identification of Flavors with Catalytic Nanomaterial-Based Optical Chemosensor Array. Analytical Chemistry, 81(3), 961-966. doi:10.1021/ac801733kJanzen, M. C., Ponder, J. B., Bailey, D. P., Ingison, C. K., & Suslick, K. S. (2006). Colorimetric Sensor Arrays for Volatile Organic Compounds. Analytical Chemistry, 78(11), 3591-3600. doi:10.1021/ac052111sSuslick, B. A., Feng, L., & Suslick, K. S. (2010). Discrimination of Complex Mixtures by a Colorimetric Sensor Array: Coffee Aromas. Analytical Chemistry, 82(5), 2067-2073. doi:10.1021/ac902823wHuang, X., Xin, J., & Zhao, J. (2011). A novel technique for rapid evaluation of fish freshness using colorimetric sensor array. Journal of Food Engineering, 105(4), 632-637. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.03.034Anzenbacher, Jr., P., Lubal, P., Buček, P., Palacios, M. A., & Kozelkova, M. E. (2010). A practical approach to optical cross-reactive sensor arrays. Chemical Society Reviews, 39(10), 3954. doi:10.1039/b926220mRos-Lis, J. V., García, B., Jiménez, D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., … Valldecabres, M. C. (2004). Squaraines as Fluoro−Chromogenic Probes for Thiol-Containing Compounds and Their Application to the Detection of Biorelevant Thiols. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126(13), 4064-4065. doi:10.1021/ja031987iRos-Lis, J. V., Martínez-Máñez, R., Rurack, K., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., & Spieles, M. (2004). Highly Selective Chromogenic Signaling of Hg2+in Aqueous Media at Nanomolar Levels Employing a Squaraine-Based Reporter. Inorganic Chemistry, 43(17), 5183-5185. doi:10.1021/ic049422qRos-Lis, J. V., Marcos, M. D., Mártinez-Máñez, R., Rurack, K., & Soto, J. (2005). A Regenerative Chemodosimeter Based on Metal-Induced Dye Formation for the Highly Selective and Sensitive Optical Determination of Hg2+ Ions. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44(28), 4405-4407. doi:10.1002/anie.200500583Ros-Lis, J. V., Martínez-Máñez, R., & Soto, J. (2005). Colorimetric Signaling of Large Aromatic Hydrocarbons via the Enhancement of Aggregation Processes. Organic Letters, 7(12), 2337-2339. doi:10.1021/ol050564dCliment, E., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., Rurack, K., & Amorós, P. (2009). The Determination of Methylmercury in Real Samples Using Organically Capped Mesoporous Inorganic Materials Capable of Signal Amplification. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(45), 8519-8522. doi:10.1002/anie.200904243Ábalos, T., Jiménez, D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Ros-Lis, J. V., Royo, S., Sancenón, F., … Parra, M. (2009). Hg2+ and Cu2+ selective detection using a dual channel receptor based on thiopyrylium scaffoldings. Tetrahedron Letters, 50(27), 3885-3888. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.04.060Climent, E., Giménez, C., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., & Soto, J. (2011). Selective and sensitive chromo-fluorogenic sensing of anionic surfactants in water using functionalised silica nanoparticles. Chemical Communications, 47(24), 6873. doi:10.1039/c1cc11393cRoyo, S., Costero, A. M., Parra, M., Gil, S., Martínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2011). Chromogenic, Specific Detection of the Nerve-Agent Mimic DCNP (a Tabun Mimic). Chemistry - A European Journal, 17(25), 6931-6934. doi:10.1002/chem.201100602García-Acosta, B., Comes, M., Bricks, J. L., Kudinova, M. A., Kurdyukov, V. V., Tolmachev, A. I., … Amorós, P. (2006). Sensory hybrid host materials for the selective chromo-fluorogenic detection of biogenic amines. Chem. Commun., (21), 2239-2241. doi:10.1039/b602497aSancenón, F., Descalzo, A. B., Martínez-Máñez, R., Miranda, M. A., & Soto, J. (2001). A Colorimetric ATP Sensor Based on 1,3,5-Triarylpent-2-en-1,5-diones. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 40(14), 2640-2643. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010716)40:143.0.co;2-aEsteban, J., Ros-Lis, J. V., Martínez-Máñez, R., Marcos, M. D., Moragues, M., Soto, J., & Sancenón, F. (2010). Sensitive and Selective Chromogenic Sensing of Carbon Monoxide by Using Binuclear Rhodium Complexes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 49(29), 4934-4937. doi:10.1002/anie.201001344Moragues, M. E., Esteban, J., Ros-Lis, J. V., Martínez-Máñez, R., Marcos, M. D., Martínez, M., … Sancenón, F. (2011). Sensitive and Selective Chromogenic Sensing of Carbon Monoxide via Reversible Axial CO Coordination in Binuclear Rhodium Complexes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 133(39), 15762-15772. doi:10.1021/ja206251rRos-Lis, J. V., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., Rurack, K., & Weißhoff, H. (2007). Signalling Mechanisms in Anion-Responsive Push-Pull Chromophores: The Hydrogen-Bonding, Deprotonation and Anion-Exchange Chemistry of Functionalized Azo Dyes. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007(15), 2449-2458. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200601111El Haskouri, J., Zárate, D. O. de, Guillem, C., Latorre, J., Caldés, M., Beltrán, A., … Amorós, P. (2002). Silica-based powders and monoliths with bimodal pore systemsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: UV–Vis spectrum of sample 3. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b1/b110883b/. Chemical Communications, (4), 330-331. doi:10.1039/b110883bDe Jong, S. (1993). SIMPLS: An alternative approach to partial least squares regression. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 18(3), 251-263. doi:10.1016/0169-7439(93)85002-xSmolander, M., Hurme, E., Latva-Kala, K., Luoma, T., Alakomi, H.-L., & Ahvenainen, R. (2002). Myoglobin-based indicators for the evaluation of freshness of unmarinated broiler cuts. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 3(3), 279-288. doi:10.1016/s1466-8564(02)00043-7Dainty, R. H. (1996). Chemical/biochemical detection of spoilage. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 33(1), 19-33. doi:10.1016/0168-1605(96)01137-3De Fernando, G. D. G., Nychas, G. J. E., Peck, M. W., & Ordóñez, J. A. (1995). Growth/survival of psychrotrophic pathogens on meat packaged under modified atmospheres. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 28(2), 221-231. doi:10.1016/0168-1605(95)00058-5Descalzo, A. B., Dolores Marcos, M., Monte, C., Martínez-Máñez, R., & Rurack, K. (2007). Mesoporous silica materials with covalently anchored phenoxazinone dyes as fluorescent hybrid materials for vapour sensing. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 17(44), 4716. doi:10.1039/b707473eDescalzo, A. B., Rurack, K., Weisshoff, H., Martínez-Máñez, R., Marcos, M. D., Amorós, P., … Soto, J. (2005). Rational Design of a Chromo- and Fluorogenic Hybrid Chemosensor Material for the Detection of Long-Chain Carboxylates. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127(1), 184-200. doi:10.1021/ja045683nComes, M., Aznar, E., Moragues, M., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., … Amorós, P. (2009). Mesoporous Hybrid Materials Containing Nanoscopic «Binding Pockets» for Colorimetric Anion Signaling in Water by using Displacement Assays. Chemistry - A European Journal, 15(36), 9024-9033. doi:10.1002/chem.200900890Nychas, G.-J. E., & Tassou, C. C. (1997). Spoilage Processes and Proteolysis in Chicken as Detected by HPLC. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 74(2), 199-208. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199706)74:23.0.co;2-4Jiménez, S. M., Salsi, M. S., Tiburzi, M. C., Rafaghelli, R. C., Tessi, M. A., & Coutaz, V. R. (1997). Spoilage microflora in fresh chicken breast stored at 4 °C : influence of packaging methods. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 83(5), 613-618. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00276.xDe Fernando, G. D. G., Nychas, G. J. E., Peck, M. W., & Ordóñez, J. A. (1995). Growth/survival of psychrotrophic pathogens on meat packaged under modified atmospheres. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 28(2), 221-231. doi:10.1016/0168-1605(95)00058-5BALAMATSIA, C., PATSIAS, A., KONTOMINAS, M., & SAVVAIDIS, I. (2007). Possible role of volatile amines as quality-indicating metabolites in modified atmosphere-packaged chicken fillets: Correlation with microbiological and sensory attributes. Food Chemistry, 104(4), 1622-1628. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.013Balamatsia, C. C., Paleologos, E. K., Kontominas, M. G., & Savvaidis, I. N. (2006). Correlation between microbial flora, sensory changes and biogenic amines formation in fresh chicken meat stored aerobically or under modified atmosphere packaging at 4 °C: possible role of biogenic amines as spoilage indicators. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 89(1), 9-17. doi:10.1007/s10482-005-9003-4Smolander, M., Hurme, E., Latva-Kala, K., Luoma, T., Alakomi, H.-L., & Ahvenainen, R. (2002). Myoglobin-based indicators for the evaluation of freshness of unmarinated broiler cuts. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 3(3), 279-288. doi:10.1016/s1466-8564(02)00043-7Dainty, R. H. (1996). Chemical/biochemical detection of spoilage. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 33(1), 19-33. doi:10.1016/0168-1605(96)01137-3Berrueta, L. A., Alonso-Salces, R. M., & Héberger, K. (2007). Supervised pattern recognition in food analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 1158(1-2), 196-214. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.02

Understanding diagnosis and management of dementia and guideline implementation in general practice: a qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework

Dementia is a growing problem, causing substantial burden for patients, their families, and society. General practitioners (GPs) play an important role in diagnosing and managing dementia; however, there are gaps between recommended and current practice. The aim of this study was to explore GPs' reported practice in diagnosing and managing dementia and to describe, in theoretical terms, the proposed explanations for practice that was and was not consistent with evidence-based guidelines

Interlinked; A New Approach to Urban Expansion in Papamoa

New Zealand cities are prone to poor urban planning and have a strong tendency to expand out into widespread suburbs, consuming the fertile farmland and natural landscapes that reside at the fringes of urban development. These types of greenfield development are rampant throughout New Zealand. Posed as the solution to housing issues and a growing population, these developments nullify and alienate the surrounding context. Low-density urban planning is particularly damaging with its maze of curving cul-de-sacs and dead-end streets resulting in an overly complex network with little to no central framework or hierarchy. This lack of internal infrastructure puts a significant strain on static infrastructure such as roads and public transport, which struggle to meet the needs of the end user. The aim of this research is to develop an alternative strategy for urban growth in Papamoa. Located in the Bay of Plenty, Papamoa is a regional community within the Tauranga city limits, currently experiencing unprecedented growth. Current projections show development in Papamoa will exhaust current land reserves by as early as 2028, requiring the development of additional land to the south in order to sustain demand. This research aims to respond to this issue by increasing density within the existing sprawl, specifically focusing on the site of Papamoa Plaza, the original retail centre of the area. By reducing the need for greenfield development and enabling better connectivity across the region, a shift in focus of the use of public space can revitalise the existing urban centre to the benefits of connectivity within urban design. Case studies and literature were reviewed in order to assess their viability within the New Zealand context and to identify key design elements that would be used. Criteria and guiding principles were developed using Assemblage Theory and Space Syntax. Existing developmental framework and growth trends were analysed during the research, then initial design goals and strategies were identified. Using this information, several schemes and approaches were developed. These were evaluated using ‘Space Syntax’ to establish levels and patterns of connectivity. A selection process of the most viable schemes was explored in detail. These were then broken into key components that were progressively developed to generate a range of different options, which were then reflected upon, assessed and, from this, the final scheme emerged

Economic, Energy and Carbon Footprint Impact of Australia's National Broadband Network

This study attempts to quantify the economic and environmental impact of the National Broadband Network (NBN) being deployed in Australia. Three key features underpin the results presented in this paper. First, the economic situation in Australia in the long run without the NBN was compared with the economic situation in Australia with the NBN. Second, nowhere in the analysis was it assumed that there is a benefit in providing broadband access per se. Instead, a range of new services that have well-attested economic benefits were included. Third, the study relies on a wellfounded comparative static computable general equilibrium (CGE) economic model of the Australian economy to assess the effects of the NBN in the short and long run. We find that in a typical shortrun year during the construction of the NBN, economic activities increase predominantly in the construction and related industries. The results suggest no net increase in domestic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the short run. In a typical long-run year post NBN deployment, the continued increase in economic activity results in GHG emissions going up more significantly than during NBN deployment. Achieving a reduction in domestic GHG emissions will require appropriate policy implementation specifically targeting GHG emissions to complement the introduction of ubiquitous broadband in the form of the NBN in Australia. Subject to the cost of domestic abatement policies and purchasing overseas permits, the environmental impact of the NBN in monetary terms can be compensated by economic welfare gains if the expected bandwidth requirements of services included in this study are sufficiently large

Carbon footprint of the Internet

A network-based model of the carbon footprint of the Internet is presented and used to determine the carbon abatement provided by Internet-based telecommuting and teleconferencing services to replace car and air travel. The model includes DSL, FTTN and PON access technologies, edge and core network architectures and is based upon currently commercially available equipment. We show that carbon emissions of the Internet need to be taken into consideration in order to obtain an accurate estimate of carbon abatement provided by the Internet