Database of Bavarian Dialects (BayDat)

The database contains about 5 Million dialectal linguistic evidences collected in differend projects within the Free State of Bavaria to the dialects Bavarian, Frankish, and Swabian. In 1984, linguists at the University of Augsburg began to collect dialect data for the research and documentation project "Linguistic Map of Swabia" (German: "Sprachatlas von Bayerisch-Schwaben (SBS)"). In 1986, the University of Bayreuth followed with preparations for the "Linguistic Map of North- and East-Bavaria" (German: "Sprachatlas von Nordostbayern (SNOB)"). In the following years, partner projects of the other regions also started to collect data in their particular region. All six language projects then formed the "Research Association of the Bavarian Linguistic Map " (German: Bayerischer Sprachatlas (BSA)"), which was funded by the DFG and the Bavarian State Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts. The first digital publication of BayDat by Ralf Zimmermann in 2007 at the University of Würzburg (see linked paper) was re-designed in 2019 by Manuel Raaf at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. For detailed information, please see https://baydat.badw.de/inf

Database of Bavarian Dialects (BayDat)

The database contains about 5 Million dialectal linguistic evidences collected in differend projects within the Free State of Bavaria to the dialects Bavarian, Frankish, and Swabian. In 1984, linguists at the University of Augsburg began to collect dialect data for the research and documentation project "Linguistic Map of Swabia" (German: "Sprachatlas von Bayerisch-Schwaben (SBS)"). In 1986, the University of Bayreuth followed with preparations for the "Linguistic Map of North- and East-Bavaria" (German: "Sprachatlas von Nordostbayern (SNOB)"). In the following years, partner projects of the other regions also started to collect data in their particular region. All six language projects then formed the "Research Association of the Bavarian Linguistic Map " (German: Bayerischer Sprachatlas (BSA)"), which was funded by the DFG and the Bavarian State Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts. The first digital publication of BayDat by Ralf Zimmermann in 2007 at the University of Würzburg (see linked paper) was re-designed in 2019 by Manuel Raaf at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. For detailed information, please see https://baydat.badw.de/inf

Zeeman- and Orbital-Driven Phase Shifts in Planar Josephson Junctions

We perform supercurrent and tunneling spectroscopy measurements on gate-tunable InAs/Al Josephson junctions (JJs) in an in-plane magnetic field and report on phase shifts in the current–phase relation measured with respect to an absolute phase reference. The impact of orbital effects is investigated by studying multiple devices with different superconducting lead sizes. At low fields, we observe gate-dependent phase shifts of up to φ0 = 0.5π, which are consistent with a Zeeman field coupling to highly transmissive Andreev bound states via Rashba spin–orbit interaction. A distinct phase shift emerges at larger fields, concomitant with a switching current minimum and the closing and reopening of the superconducting gap. These signatures of an induced phase transition, which might resemble a topological transition, scale with the superconducting lead size, demonstrating the crucial role of orbital effects. Our results elucidate the interplay of Zeeman, spin–orbit, and orbital effects in InAs/Al JJs, giving improved understanding of phase transitions in hybrid JJs and their applications in quantum computing and superconducting electronics.ISSN:1936-0851ISSN:1936-086

Measurements of Phase Dynamics in Planar Josephson Junctions and SQUIDs

We experimentally investigate the stochastic phase dynamics of planar Josephson junctions (JJs) and superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) defined in epitaxial InAs/Al heterostructures, and characterized by a large ratio of Josephson energy to charging energy. We observe a crossover from a regime of macroscopic quantum tunneling to one of phase diffusion as a function of temperature, where the transition temperature T∗ is gate-tunable. The switching probability distributions are shown to be consistent with a small shunt capacitance and moderate damping, resulting in a switching current which is a small fraction of the critical current. Phase locking between two JJs leads to a difference in switching current between that of a JJ measured in isolation and that of the same JJ measured in an asymmetric SQUID loop. In the case of the loop, T∗ is also tuned by a magnetic flux.ISSN:0031-9007ISSN:1079-711

Demonstration of the Nonlocal Josephson Effect in Andreev Molecules

We perform switching current measurements of planar Josephson junctions (JJs) coupled by a common superconducting electrode with independent control over the two superconducting phase differences. We observe an anomalous phase shift in the current–phase relation of a JJ as a function of gate voltage or phase difference in the second JJ. This demonstrates the nonlocal Josephson effect, and the implementation of a φ0-junction which is tunable both electrostatically and magnetically. The anomalous phase shift is larger for shorter distances between the JJs and vanishes for distances much longer than the superconducting coherence length. Results are consistent with the hybridization of Andreev bound states, leading to the formation of an Andreev molecule. Our devices constitute a realization of a tunable superconducting phase source and could enable new coupling schemes for hybrid quantum devices.ISSN:1530-6984ISSN:1530-699

Microwave-induced conductance replicas in hybrid Josephson junctions without Floquet—Andreev states

Light–matter coupling allows control and engineering of complex quantum states. Here we investigate a hybrid superconducting–semiconducting Josephson junction subject to microwave irradiation by means of tunnelling spectroscopy of the Andreev bound state spectrum and measurements of the current–phase relation. For increasing microwave power, discrete levels in the tunnelling conductance develop into a series of equally spaced replicas, while the current–phase relation changes amplitude and skewness, and develops dips. Quantitative analysis of our results indicates that conductance replicas originate from photon assisted tunnelling of quasiparticles into Andreev bound states through the tunnelling barrier. Despite strong qualitative similarities with proposed signatures of Floquet–Andreev states, our study rules out this scenario. The distortion of the current–phase relation is explained by the interaction of Andreev bound states with microwave photons, including a non-equilibrium Andreev bound state occupation. The techniques outlined here establish a baseline to study light–matter coupling in hybrid nanostructures and distinguish photon assisted tunnelling from Floquet–Andreev states in mesoscopic devices.ISSN:2041-172

Phase-engineering the Andreev band structure of a three-terminal Josephson junction

Data and code upload for publication of the same name. Folder 'Data' contains raw, processed and simulated data for all figures of Main Text and Supplementary Information. Folder 'Code' contains the MATLAB scripts used to generate the simulated data. In each folder, a description complementing the information available in the manuscript is provided in the 'readme.txt' file.Additional funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via SFD 1432, ID 425217212 and BE 3803/14-1, ID 467596333; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, PID2020-114880GB-I00

Differential Complement Activation Pathways Promote C3b Deposition on Native and Acetylated LDL thereby Inducing Lipoprotein Binding to the Complement Receptor 1

Lipoproteins can induce complement activation resulting in opsonization and binding of these complexes to complement receptors. We investigated the binding of opsonized native LDL and acetylated LDL (acLDL) to the complement receptor 1 (CR1). Binding of complement factors C3b, IgM, C1q, mannose-binding lectin (MBL), and properdin to LDL and acLDL were investigated by ELISA. Subsequent binding of opsonized LDL and acLDL to CR1 on CR1-transfected Chinese Hamster Ovarian cells (CHO-CR1) was tested by flow cytometry. Both native LDL and acLDL induced complement activation with subsequent C3b opsonization upon incubation with normal human serum. Opsonized LDL and acLDL bound to CR1. Binding to CHO-CR1 was reduced by EDTA, whereas MgEGTA only reduced the binding of opsonized LDL, but not of acLDL suggesting involvement of the alternative pathway in the binding of acLDL to CR1. In vitro incubations showed that LDL bound C1q, whereas acLDL bound to C1q, IgM, and properdin. MBL did neither bind to LDL nor to acLDL. The relevance of these findings was demonstrated by the fact that ex vivo up-regulation of CR1 on leukocytes was accompanied by a concomitant increased binding of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins to leukocytes without changes in LDL-receptor expression. In conclusion, CR1 is able to bind opsonized native LDL and acLDL. Binding of LDL to CR1 is mediated via the classical pathway, whereas binding of acLDL is mediated via both the classical and alternative pathways. Binding of lipoproteins to CR1 may be of clinical relevance due to the ubiquitous cellular distribution of CR