Polannemurtajan kumituksen muutostyö

Sah-Ko Oy:n toimeksiannosta tehtiin suunnitelma polyuretaanituotteiden valmistuksessa tarvittavasta muotista. Toimeksiantaja haluaa siirtyä käyttämään aiempaa edullisempaa valmistusvaihtoehtoa polannejyrsimiensä kumista valmistetuille elastisille osille. Opinnäytetyössä suunniteltiin polyuretaanituotteen valmistuksessa tarvittava ruiskuvalumuotti. Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutustuttiin polyuretaaniin materiaalina ja polyuretaanin valmistustekniikkoihin, polyureraanituotteiden kierrätykseen ja loppukäsittelyyn sekä polyuretaanisien osien soveltuvuudesta polannekoneeseen. Opinnäytetyössä tutustuttiin lisäksi tuotteen suunnitteluun, mallintamiseen ja valmistuskuvien tekemiseen sekä polyuretaanituotteen valmistuksessa käytettäviin muotteihin ja muoteissa käytettäviin teknisiin ratkaisuihin. Opinnäytetyössä suunniteltiin ja mallinnettiin muotti, jolla valmistetuilla tuotteilla voidaan korvata kumista valmistetut osat polyuretaanisilla osilla. Käytettäessä polyuretaania raaka-aineena osien valmistukseen tarvitaan muotti, johon nestemäinen polyuretaani ruiskutetaan. Muotti antaa valettavalle kappaleelle sen lopullisen muodon. Muotti suunniteltiin käyttäen Autodesk Inventor -3D-CAD-ohjelmistoa. Muotista laadittiin 3D-mallit, piirustukset sekä tarvittavista osista polttoleikkaus- ja koneistuskuvat. Lopputulokseksi saatiin valmistuskuvat PUR-ruiskutusmuotille, joka on valmistettavissa Sah-Ko Oy:stä löytyvillä resursseilla kohtuullisilla kustannuksilla. Polyuretaani on kumia edullisempi valmistusmateriaalivaihtoehto elastisille osille.The purpose of this thesis was to enable a more affordable alternative for the rubber elements the roller system of Raiko ice breakers, which are manufactured by Sah-Ko Oy. An injection mold which is needed for manufacturing polyurethane products was designed. This thesis introduces polyurethane as a material and manufacturing of polyurethane as well as recycling and disposal of polyurethane products. In addition, the compatibility of polyurethane parts for the ice breaker is discussed. Concentrate on the designing, modeling and manufacturing drawings of the product, too, as well as the molds used in the manufacturing of polyurethane and their technical solutions. In this thesis, a mold was designed and modeled, which could be used to replace parts made of rubber by parts made of polyurethane. When manufacturing those parts of polyurethane a mold is needed into which the liquid polyurethane is injected. The mold was designed using the Autodesk Inventor 3D-CAD-software. The drawings and 3D-models as well as the production drawings needed in flame cutting and machining were drawn up of the mold. As a result, the manufacturing drawings of the PUR-injection mold were made which make it possible for Sah-Ko Oy to manufacture that mold with reasonable costs. It also enables manufacturing of a less expensive alternative for the elastic parts produced of rubber

PERUSMAATALOUDEN INVESTOINTITUKIHAKEMUSTEN KÄSITTELYN PROSESSIKUVAUS POHJOIS-SAVON TE-KESKUKSESSA

TE- keskusuudistuksen myötä osastorajat poistuivat 1.1.2009 lukien ja perusmaatalouden rahoitusta ja maksatusta hoitavan rahoitusryhmän nimi muuttui rakennetukiryhmäksi. Hallintoa koskeva matriisiorganisaatiouudistus ja sen mukanaan tuomat haasteet henkilöstön määrän supistamisen ja työn tehokkuusajattelun myötä lisäävät paineita asiakaspalvelun laadun ja asiakkaiden oikeusturvan varmistamiseksi. Tässä yhteydessä on myös huomioitava se että hallinnossa tehtävien eriyttäminen vaatii kuitenkin toteutuakseen tietyn määrän asiantuntevaa henkilöstöä. Rakennetukiryhmän perusmaatalouden rahoi-tukseen liittyvien investointitukihakemusten käsittelyprosessin prosessikuvauksesta on apua kehitettä-essä toimintatapoja ja menetelmiä tehokkaampien työtapojen omaksumisessa. Valtion tuottavuusoh-jelma vaatii vähentämään henkilöstöä ja uusia työntekijöitä ei voida täten palkata vaikka esimerkiksi tehtävien eriyttäminen vaatisikin henkilöstöä tulevaisuudessa enemmän. Käsittelin opinnäytetyössäni tutkimuksessa esille tulleita asioita rakennetukiryhmän näkökulmasta liittyen Pohjois-Savon TE- keskuksen organisaatiomuutokseen. Lisäksi huomioin rakennetukiryhmän toiminnan vuoden 2010 alusta aloittaneeseen Pohjois-Savon Elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuk-seen (ELY) nähden. Prosessikuvaus osoittaa että rakennetukiryhmän toiminnassa on kehitettävää investointitukihakemus-ten käsittelyn parantamiseksi. Käsittelyä nopeuttaisi ja keventäisi sähköinen hakemusten vastaanoton ja tallennuksen kehittäminen yhteistyössä kirjaamon ja rakennetukiryhmän välillä.In accordance with the reformation of the Employment and Economic Development Centre on Janu-ary 1th, 2009 department boundaries vanished. And the name of the financing group taking care of basic agricultural financing and remittances changed it,s name to that of a support group structure. The renewing of the matrix organization concerning it,s control and the challenges brought with it concerning reductions in personnel and also the concept of work efficiency will increase pressure on the quality of customer service and certainty of customers legal security. In this context it is also has to be noted however that in order to carry out it,s function administration requires a certain number of expert personnel. A description of the handling process of the investment support application connected to the basic agricultural financing of the support group is helpful in developing policies and methods in adopting a more efficient use of work practices. The productivity program requires the state to reduce staff with new employees unable to be recruited even though a separation of duties would require more staff in the future. In my thesis study I handled issues raised from the perspective of the structural context of the Employment and Economic Development Centre for North Savo connected with the change in it,s organization. In addition I took into account issues relating to the functioning of the support group from the point of view of the setting up in 2010 of the Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment for Savo. The process description indicates that the handling of the investment support applications has to be developed in order to improve. The handling would be faster and would lighten the receiving and developing of the saving of electrical applications between the registry and support group

Launching a study of nanoplastics in the Baltic Sea, SW Finland - Picking up small debris

Developing of a methodology for measuring nanoplastic particles in environmental samples, and when done, using the developed methodology, conduct the first estimates of the amounts of nanoplastics in Finnish coastal waters</p

Effects of site preparation and reindeer grazing on the early-stage success of Scots pine regeneration from seeds in northern Finland and Sweden

The importance of sufficient soil scarification to ensure the regeneration of Scots pine on sub-dry and more fertile sites has been emphasized in many studies. Here we aimed to study, how site preparation intensity affects the early success of natural regeneration and sowing (bare seeds and seed pellets) of Scots pine with or without the reindeer grazing. The study area was located in northern Finland and Sweden where five site preparation methods were compared: unprepared control, logging machine tracks, Huminmix (mixing the mineral soil and organic layer), disc trenching and intensive disc trenching. In each of these we used direct seeding, seed pellets and natural regeneration. Results revealed that even the lightest site preparation methods can provide sufficient regeneration results while the reindeer grazing limits the optimal regeneration result. Huminmix and even the track of the logging machine could provide satisfactory regeneration results both in direct seeding and natural regeneration. This could facilitate the coexistence of forest management, reindeer herding and other land use forms in the same stands and area. The use of seed pellets needs further research, but it may have potential due to lower consumption of seeds and less need for site preparation

Charge carrier dynamics in tantalum oxide overlayered and tantalum doped hematite photoanodes

We employ atomic layer deposition to prepare 50 nm thick hematite photoanodes followed by passivating them with a 0.5 nm thick Ta2O5-overlayer and compare them with samples uniformly doped with the same amount of tantalum. We observe a three-fold improvement in photocurrent with the same onset voltage using Ta-overlayer hematite photoanodes, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under visible light irradiation shows a decreased amount of surface states under water splitting conditions. The Tadoped samples have an even higher increase in photocurrent along with a 0.15 V cathodic shift in the onset voltage and decreased resistivity. However, the surface state capacitance for the Ta-doped sample is twice that of the reference photoanode, which implies a larger amount of surface hole accumulation. We further utilize transient absorption spectroscopy in the sub-millisecond to second timescale under operating conditions to show that electron trapping in both Ta2O5-passivated and Ta-doped samples is markedly reduced. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy in the sub-picosecond to nanosecond timescale shows faster charge carrier dynamics and reduced recombination in the Ta-doped hematite photoanode resulting in the increased photoelectrochemical performance when compared with the Ta2O5-overlayer sample. Our results show that passivation does not affect the poor charge carrier dynamics intrinsic to hematite based photoanodes. The Ta-doping strategy results in more efficient electron extraction, solving the electron trapping issue and leading to increased performance over the surface passivation strategy.Peer reviewe

Effects of site preparation and reindeer grazing on the early-stage success of Scots pine regeneration from seeds in northern Finland and Sweden

The importance of sufficient soil scarification to ensure the regeneration of Scots pine on sub-dry and more fertile sites has been emphasized in many studies. Here we aimed to study, how site preparation intensity affects the early success of natural regeneration and sowing (bare seeds and seed pellets) of Scots pine with or without the reindeer grazing. The study area was located in northern Finland and Sweden where five site preparation methods were compared: unprepared control, logging machine tracks, Huminmix (mixing the mineral soil and organic layer), disc trenching and intensive disc trenching. In each of these we used direct seeding, seed pellets and natural regeneration. Results revealed that even the lightest site preparation methods can provide sufficient regeneration results while the reindeer grazing limits the optimal regeneration result. Huminmix and even the track of the logging machine could provide satisfactory regeneration results both in direct seeding and natural regeneration. This could facilitate the coexistence of forest management, reindeer herding and other land use forms in the same stands and area. The use of seed pellets needs further research, but it may have potential due to lower consumption of seeds and less need for site preparation

Design aspects of all atomic layer deposited TiO2–Fe2O3 scaffold-absorber photoanodes for water splitting

Iron and titanium oxides have attracted substantial attention in photoelectrochemical water splitting applications. However, both materials suffer from intrinsic limitations that constrain the final device performance. In order to overcome the limitations of the two materials alone, their combination has been proposed as a solution to the problems. Here we report on the fabrication of an atomic layer deposited (ALD) Fe2O3 coating on porous ALD-TiO2. Our results show that successful implementation requires complete mixing of the TiO2 and Fe2O3 layers via annealing resulting in the formation of a photoactive iron titanium oxide on the surface. Moreover, we found that incomplete mixing leads to crystallization of Fe2O3 to hematite that is detrimental to the photoelectrochemical performance. IPCE and transient photocurrent measurements performed using UV and visible light excitation confirmed that the iron titanium oxide extends the photocurrent generation to the visible range. These measurements were complemented by transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), which revealed a new band absent in pristine hematite or anatase TiO2 that we assign to charge transfer within the structure. Taken together, these results provide design guidelines to be considered when aiming to combine TiO2 and Fe2O3 for photoelectrochemical applications.Peer reviewe

Sulfonated Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Material Promotes Interfacial Charge Transfer Dynamics for Highly Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

The integration of a functional group into dopant-free hole-transport materials (HTMs) to modify the perovskite|HTM interface has become a promising strategy for high-performance and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, a sulfonated phenothiazine-based HTM is reported, namely TAS, which consists of a butterfly structure with a readily synthesized N,​N-​bis[4-​(methylthio)​phenyl]​aniline side functional group. The interaction between TAS and perovskite via Pb–S bond induces a dipole moment that deepens the valence band of perovskite and thereby leads to enhanced open-circuit voltage in corresponding n-i-p PSCs. More importantly, the functionalization of perovskite surface via Pb–S bond promotes the hole extraction reaction while suppressing the interfacial non-radiative recombination, contributing to a 20–50% performance improvement compared to less- (4-​(methylthio)​-​N-​[4-​(methylthio)​phenyl]​aniline, DAS) or non-interacting (N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline, TAO) counterparts. Consequently, TAS-based PSCs exhibit superior device stability with a high PCE retention (>90% of the initial value) after 125 days of storage in the air.acceptedVersionPeer reviewe

Flexible organic photovoltaics with star‐shaped non‐fullerene acceptors end‐capped with indene malononitrile and barbiturate derivatives

We report the design and synthesis of three star-shaped non-fullerene (NFA) acceptors, TPA-2T-INCN, TPA-2T-BAB, and TPA-T-INCN, based on triphenylamine (TPA) core and linked through π-conjugated thiophene (T) spacers to different terminal units (3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene) malononitrile, INCN, and 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid, BAB). These materials were blended with the widely used poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) donor polymer and tested in flexible organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The NFAs capped with the strong electron withdrawing INCN unit performed best in OPVs. Both P3HT:TPA-T-INCN, and P3HT:TPA-2T-INCN blends also showed the highest photoluminescence quenching efficiency (95.8% and 92.6%, respectively). Surprisingly, when reducing the number of T spacers from 2 to 1, the solubility of the NFAs in o-dichlorobenzene increased, leading to easier processing during the OPV fabrication and better surface morphology. This explains the best performance of TPA-T-INCN-based blends in OPVs, with a champion power conversion efficiency of 1.13%.publishedVersionPeer reviewe