Typification of Heliotropium and Tournefortia (Heliotropiaceae) species described by Ruiz and Pavón

Lectotypes are designated here for 14 names proposed by Ruiz and Pavón in “Flora peruviana, et chilensis” (1799) that were either described or are currently recognized as members of the genera Heliotropium or Tournefortia (Heliotropiaceae): Heliotropium corymbosum, H. incanum, H. lanceolatum, H. microcalyx, H. microstachyum, H. oppositifolium, H. pilosum, H. synzystachyum, Lithospermum aggregatum, Tournefortia angustiflora, T. longifolia, T. polystachya, T. undulata, T. virgata. Currently accepted names and comments on typifications and taxonomic affinities are also provided

Phylogenie und Systematik der Gefäßpflanzen

Das Lehr- und Lernposter „Stammbaum der Tracheophyten – Phylogenie und Systematik der Gefäßpflanzen“ gibt einen Überblick a) über die Phylogenie (Stammesgeschichte) der „Farnverwandten“ (Lycophyten und Monilophyten, die „Farne“) bis zu den Familien und b) über die Gymnospermen (Nacktsamer) bis zu den Gattungen. Innerhalb des Baumes werden die hauptsächlichen ursprünglichen und abgeleiteten Merkmale (Plesio- und Apomorphien) sowie typische anatomische und morphologische Merkmale bis zur Stufe der Familien (Gymnospermen) bzw. Ordnungen (Farnpflanzen) und höherer Gruppen aufgeführt. Die farbliche Abstimmung der Großgruppen erleichtert das Lehren und Lernen. Das Poster ist das zweite in einer Reihe, die die Phylogenie der Landpflanzen darstellt. Poster 1 umfasst die Angiospermen (Blütenpflanzen), Poster 3 die „Moose“ (Leber-, Laub- und Hornmoose). In einer Zusammenarbeit mit international renommierten Botanikern sind wir bemüht, die Poster in eine Vielzahl anderer Sprachen übersetzen zu lassen.Stand: Juli 201

Systematics and Chatacteristics

The "Tracheophyte Phylogeny Poster – Vascular Plants - Systematics and Characteristics" is an educational tool presenting an overview of the evolutionary relationships among non-flowering vascular plants (lycophytes, monilophytes, and gymnosperms). The phylogenetic tree depicts the orders and families (lycophytes and monilophytes) and the genera of gymnosperms, listing the main apomorphies and plesiomorphies as well as diagnostic and nondiagnostic anatomical and morphological features within the tree. The intuitive color-coding facilitates memorization and teaching. Translations of the poster by internationally renown botanists in various world languages is in progress. This is one in a series of three educational posters on the phylogeny of land plants: Poster 1: "Angiosperms", Poster 2: "Tracheophytes: Lycophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms", Poster 3: "Bryophytes: Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts"

an annotated, synonymic inventory, with links to the protologues and mention of original material

Background An inventory is presented of all names so far validly published in Cynoglossum sensu lato and its segregate genera: Adelocaryum, Afrotysonia, Kuschakewiczia, Lindelofia, Mattiastrum, Paracaryum, Rindera, Solenanthus, Trachelanthus, and their synonyms. Names and designations that were not validly published in the cited place, and later isonyms, are accounted for when they have been included in the International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Problems with IPNI entries, including errors and omissions, are discussed, and the hope is expressed that the present inventory may be of use for fixing them. New information The inventory, generated from a list of structured data, is presented in two Supplements, as a searchable HTML document comprising a sequence of entries with internal cross-links and links to external sources, in particular to protologues accessible online or, copyright restrictions permitting, made available as scanned documents via DOIs, and as machine- readible file. With minor exceptions, all names have been verified in their original place of publication, and all were nomenclaturally assessed. Colour coding is used to distinguish between names (in green) pertaining to Cynoglossum sensu lato, for which complete synonymies are provided; and names (in orange) pertaining to other genera but published under Cynoglossum or its segregates. They are listed together with their basionym and the corresponding correct name (if it exists), but without complete synonymy. Acceptable, potentially correct names appear in bold-face type, both under a broadly defined Cynoglossum (for which purpose validation of 81 new combinations and the name of 1 new species was necessary) and under one or more of its segregates. When a name was published for a new taxon, original material is indicated, usually by direct quotation from the protologue. New type designations are exceptional (two cases), whereas former type designations are cited whenever known. Furthermore, types and original specimens, especially when their digital images are available online, are mentioned with their locations and accession numbers. Comments are added whenever appropriate, especially to explain nomenclatural assessments that are not self-evident

Tipificación de las especies de Heliotropium y Tournefortia (Heliotropiaceae) descritas por Ruiz y Pavón

Lectotypes are designated here for 14 names proposed by Ruiz and Pavón in “Flora peruviana, et chilensis” (1799) that were either described or are currently recognized as members of the genera Heliotropium or Tournefortia (Heliotropiaceae): Heliotropium corymbosum, H. incanum, H. lanceolatum, H. microcalyx, H. microstachyum, H. oppositifolium, H. pilosum, H. synzystachyum, Lithospermum aggregatum, Tournefortia angustiflora, T. longifolia, T. polystachya, T. undulata, T. virgata. Currently accepted names and comments on typifications and taxonomic affinities are also provided.Se designan lectotipos de 14 nombres propuestos por Ruiz y Pavón en “Flora peruviana et chilensis” (1799) que son actualmente reconocidos, o fueron descritos, dentro de los géneros Heliotropium o Tournefortia (Heliotropiaceae): Heliotropium corymbosum, H. incanum, H. lanceolatum, H. microcalyx, H. microstachyum, H. oppositifolium, H. pilosum, H. synzystachyum, Lithospermum aggregatum, Tournefortia angustiflora, T. longifolia, T. polystachya, T. undulata, T. virgata. Se incluyen los nombres actualmente aceptados y comentarios sobre su tipificación y afinidades taxonómicas

Evidence for nonallopatric speciation among closely related sympatric Heliotropium species in the Atacama Desert

The genetic structure of populations of closely related, sympatric species may hold the signature of the geographical mode of the speciation process. In fully allopatric speciation, it is expected that genetic differentiation between species is homogeneously distributed across the genome. In nonallopatric speciation, the genomes may remain undifferentiated to a large extent. In this article, we analyzed the genetic structure of five sympatric species from the plant genus Heliotropium in the Atacama Desert. We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) to characterize the genetic structure of these species and evaluate their genetic differentiation as well as the number of loci subject to positive selection using divergence outlier analysis (DOA). The five species form distinguishable groups in the genetic space, with zones of overlap, indicating that they are possibly not completely isolated. Among-species differentiation accounts for 35% of the total genetic differentiation (FST = 0.35), and FST between species pairs is positively correlated with phylogenetic distance. DOA suggests that few loci are subject to positive selection, which is in line with a scenario of nonallopatric speciation. These results support the idea that sympatric species of Heliotropium sect. Cochranea are under an ongoing speciation process, characterized by a fluctuation of population ranges in response to pulses of arid and humid periods during Quaternary times

Systematik der Blütenpflanzen

Dieses für Lehrzwecke entwickelte "Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster – Flowering Plant Systematics" zeigt einen Überblick über die Phylogenie der Samenpflanzen und dazugehörige evolutionäre Entwicklungen. Es basiert auf der letzten Veröffentlichung der Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV) und der Onlineressource APWeb von Peter F. Stevens (Missouri Botanical Garden). Der Baum umfasst 64 Ordnungen und die überwiegende Zahl der 416 Familien, die hauptsächlichen ursprünglichen und abgeleiteten Merkmale (Plesio- und Apomorphien) sowie typische anatomische, morphologische und phytochemische Merkmale der Ordnungen und höherer Gruppen innerhalb des Baumes. Die farbliche Abstimmung der Großgruppen erleichtert Lehren und Lernen. Dank der Zusammenarbeit mit international bekannten Botanikern sind wir jetzt in der Lage, dieses Poster in knapp 20 Sprachen anbieten zu können. In der ebenfalls auf Refubium verfügbaren englischen Version https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/18972 führen Hyperlinks zu ausführlichen Beschreibungen im APweb. Zwei weitere Poster bieten eine entsprechende Übersicht über die Tracheophyten ("Farnpflanzen" und Nacktsamer) und "Moose" (Leber-, Laub- und Hornmoose).April 2016 / deutsche Versio

Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations

Detailed anatomical studies of flowers and fruits may render traits of phylogenetic importance, but are still rare in the Boraginales. An Old World clade of Cordia comprises many dioecious species, but the floral anatomy is largely unexplored and, hence, the structural basis for sex separation. Fresh material of buds, functionally unisexual flowers and fruits were studied using a stack shot camera. Fixed such material of Cordia crenata, C. cf. grandicalyx and C. sinensis was sectioned using a microtome and stained with safranin red and astra blue, and the gynoecial surface was studied using SEM. The stamens of the female flowers are largely intact, but do not produce pollen, whereas the gynoecium of the male flowers is highly reduced though develops ovules lacking an embryo sac. The morphologically rather unreduced stamens of the female flower may have undergone a shift of function from producing pollen towards attracting pollinators by optical signals. The outer parenchyma of the gynoecium is strongly stained and after fertilisation, one through three ovules are maturing towards seeds. The presence of more than a single seed enclosed in the undivided endocarp is rare in Cordiaceae